Joint Anatomy Connected to another bone Hold skeleton together Allow flexibility

FIBROUS JOINTS Immovable Ex. Suture – connective tissue that connects bones of the skull

Cartilaginous Joints Slightly movable Symphysis – flattened disks joining bony surfaces. Ex. Pubic symphysis and intervetebral disks

SYNOVIAL JOINTS Great degree of movement Parts of: Synovial sac – filled with synovial fluid Tendons and ligaments Meisci – cresent shaped cartilage Bursae – fluid filled sacs to ease friction between tendons, ligaments and bones

Synovial Joints: General Structure

Types of Synovial Joints Gliding – articulating surfaces are flat

Hinge joints Elbow, knee, Permit movement back and forth.

Pivot Joint Axis and atlas Movement – rotation around an axis

Ball and socket joint Hips and shoulders Most movement

Synovial Joint Movements Flexion Bending, decrease angle of a joint Extension Extension – straightening, increase angle of joint

Abduction vs adduction Abduction – moving away from midline Adduction – moving toward midline

Plantar Flexion vs. dorsiflexion Pointing toe Dorsiflexion – toes point up.

Circumduction Moving in a circular manner

Invert vs. Evert Inversion – turning inward Eversion – turning outward

Special Movements Supination and Pronation – refer to movements of radius around the ulna (also applied to foot movements)

Special Movements Inversion and Eversion Protraction and Retraction

Knee - hinge joint

Knee Injury – ACL repair

Harvest piece of patellar tendon

Drill hole for new graft

Actual ACL Surgery te.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arthrosco py.com%2Fsp05018.htm

ACL injuries occur Changing direction rapidly Slowing down when running Landing from a jump Direct contact, such as in a football tackle

Knee replacement