Overview of Music History Adapted by Julie Stephens

Where do you think music came from? When do you think it was started? What type (s) of music do you think were first performed and notated?

Middle Ages / Medieval 450 – 1450 Sacred Music  Mostly vocal music until 1100  After 1100, the church allowed instruments to be played.  The organ was the most popular then.  Most notated music was sacred Why? The church had control over learning. Why? The church had control over learning.  Most composers were anonymous because they were taught that it was wrong to take credit and brag about their works. They were taught that God would be unhappy with them.

Middle Ages / Medieval 450 – 1450  Secular music – non-religious  Troubadours traveled the country, singing their love songs.  They used drums, bagpipes, harps, and recorders.  Why do you think they didn’t notate their music?  wLU4js search:Ensemble Gilles Binchois wLU4js wLU4js

Answer on your surface  What makes Sacred music different from Secular music?  Which was more likely to be notated?

Middle Ages / Medieval  Gregorian Chant: The earliest music of the Middle Ages was sung slowly and without rhythm or harmony. Everyone sang the same thing.  These tunes are also called Gregorian Chant, which were named after Pope Gregory I.  EkaAo&list=RD_MbDqc3x97k EkaAo&list=RD_MbDqc3x97k EkaAo&list=RD_MbDqc3x97k

Middle Ages / Medieval  Polyphony: Later on other musical lines were added, creating harmony. This is also called polyphonic music.  This is music for more than one voice and it appeared during the later Medieval period. This marked the beginning of harmony.

Continued…   What was the earliest music of the Middle Ages?   What kind of music appeared later in the Middle Ages? What did it have that made it different?

Ballad  Ballads were sung outside of churches and told stories.  Topics included love, war, and heroes.  Every other line rhymes within a verse– ABAB  Verse One: Verse Two: ….. A ….C ….. A ….C ….. B ….D ….. B ….D …. A ….C …. A ….C …. B ….D …. B ….D

Answer on your surface   Answer these questions. 1. In the Medieval Period, where did you go to learn? 2. What was a popular church instrument near the end of this period? 3. Who traveled singing love songs? 4. What type of songs are slow, without rhythm or harmony?

On your Surface What is the form / rhyme scheme of a ballad? What does anonymous mean?

Name___________________________________________________ Period ________ Essential Question of the Lesson: What are the characteristics of music from the Renaissance time period? Directions: Determine whether each statement is true or false and mark your answer in the column marked Before. BeforeAfter __________1. During the Renaissance, the middle and upper class hired tutors to educate their children. __________2. Polyphonic music is when everyone performs the same melody and rhythms at the same time. __________3. Chordal music is when the harmony and voice parts move at the same time in chords. __________4. A madrigal is a non-religious (secular) song that people sing and is often a love song. __________5. A motet is a non-religious song that people sing. __________6. A mass is a religious (sacred) song that people sing. __________7. The lute is a popular instrument during the Renaissance. __________8. Instrumental music was mostly for singing and dancing during the Renaissance. __________9. Palestrina was the worst composer from the Renaissance.

Renaissance  Renaissance means “rebirth”- in this case, it was a rebirth of Greek and Roman culture.  It lasted from  The middle and upper classes hired people to educate their children.  The printing press was invented and popularized the music of great composers.

Renaissance Music  Most Renaissance music is polyphonic – two or more voices being heard with different rhythms.  Near the end of the Renaissance, chordal music appeared. The voices moved together in chords.

 What does Renaissance mean?  What was invented that popularized the music of great composers?  What does it mean for music to be polyphonic in the Renaissance time period?

Vocal A Capella Music  Madrigals - These song forms were performed in groups of four, five, or six singers. A madrigal is secular music and were usually love songs.  Motets - a polyphonic work with four or five voice parts singing one religious Latin text.  Mass - follows the religious service of the Catholic Church and is sung in a very specific order: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei. It is performed in Latin.

Instrumental Music  There was a growth in instrumental music, especially the lute and keyboard. The most popular instrument of the Renaissance was the lute.  Most instrumental music was written for singing and dancing.

 Palestrina’s music shows pitch and rhythm.  He was Italian and wrote mostly religious works.  He is considered one of the great masters of Renaissance music.  He wrote motets, madrigals, and masses.

Renaissance Listening Example  X0U X0U X0U  Missa Papae Marcelli by Palestrina

1. What does Renaissance mean? 2. When two or more voices are singing different rhythms, what is that called? Missa Papae Marcelli was an example of this. 3. Out of madrigals, motets, and masses, which is NOT religious? 4. What two things was instrumental music used for in the Renaissance? 5. Who was a great Renaissance composer?

Baroque  AlFzs AlFzs AlFzs   Johann Sebastian Bach

Baroque   Baroque refers to highly decorated music and art.  Unity – repeating rhythms and melodic patterns  Sudden dynamic and tempo changes  Music was ornamented and improvised.

Baroque Music  Orchestras begin to form  Opera develops  Was written for and heard only by kings and nobility and the Church  Venice, Italy was the center of Baroque music  Harpsichord was more popular than the piano.

 What two things could drastically change in music from the Baroque period?  What musical group began to form?  Where was the center of Baroque music?

Fugue  The subject is stated by the first voice.  The other voices then enter imitating the same subject, one at a time.  The voices alternate subject and answer.

What about this?  What form of music had a theme or subject that was repeated by different voices at different times?  How is this different from a round?

Baroque Listening Example “Fugue in G Minor” By J. S. Bach aRp4 aRp M -30M 7kYRA88Q 7kYRA88Q

  Answer these questions on your surface. Try to do this without using your notes if you can. Use sentences! 1. In the Baroque period, there were extreme changes in what two musical elements? 2. What musical group began to form during the Baroque period? 3. What type of vocal music was being developed during this period? 4. What was the popular keyboard instrument during the Baroque period?

Pick two time periods that we have done so far. Compare and contrast them. You may use your notes. Make sure you have at least 2 ways they are similar and 2 ways that they are different.

What are at least two differences between a round and a fugue? What are at least two differences between a round and a fugue? Describe the subject of a fugue. Describe the subject of a fugue.

Classical Activation   hRa-WQ hRa-WQ   Mozart Clip  wxgvFY wxgvFY wxgvFY  gxTJuM gxTJuM gxTJuM

Classical Period  The Classical period began around 1750 and lasted until  This was when Benjamin Franklin was discovering electricity.  The United States was forming at this time.

Music of the Classical Period  Music was simpler to play than Baroque music.  Music was written for everyone.  Common people began attending concerts.  Emotions were controlled in the music.  There were not extremes in tempo, dynamics, etc. like in the Baroque period.

Some Questions  Was the music simpler or more complex in the Classical time period than the music in the Baroque time period?  What were the emotions in the music like?

Classical Music  A symphony usually has 3 or 4 movements and uses the entire orchestra.  Orchestras were small, around 40 people, at the beginning of this period. They grew larger near the end.  Rondo form, ABACA, was commonly used. It alternates between one main themes and contrasting themes.

Can you answer this?  How many movements did symphonies normally have?  Did the orchestras grow in size or shrink towards the end of the time period?  What form was commonly used in the Classical time period?

Classical Listening Example  “Rondo alla turka”  By Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart DO5k DO5k I I

8 th Grade   Answer these questions in your journals. Try to do this without using your notes if you can. Use sentences! 1. In the Classical period, music was for whom? 2. In Classical music, were there large contrasts in tempo and dynamics? 3. What has a few movements and is for an entire orchestra? 4. What is the type of song with a form that is ABACA?

Romantic Era  wxD7o wxD7o wxD7o   The Romantic Era begins with Ludwig von Beethoven  2k8Uo&list=RD8xPuSzvCSQA 2k8Uo&list=RD8xPuSzvCSQA 2k8Uo&list=RD8xPuSzvCSQA

Romantic Period  The Romantic period began around 1830 and ended around  Yes, there was some overlap between the classical period and romantic period.  Beethoven bridged the two periods during his lifetime.

Romantic Music  Program music tells a story or describes something.  Music is filled with passion and drama.  Composers used music to overwhelm listeners with emotion, writing sad, sweeping pieces about love and heartbreak and magical fantasies about goblins, witches, and swans.  The orchestra is arranged as we know it and was led by a conductor with a baton.  The most popular instrument was the piano.

Can you answer these?  Who bridged the Classical and Romantic time periods?  What is program music?  What was the most popular instrument?

Romantic Listening Example  Finale, Swan Lake  By Tchaikovsky  OLS3k OLS3k OLS3k

1. Who bridged the gap between Classical and Romantic music? 2. In the Romantic period, music is filled with what and what? 3. What is program music?

Modern Music   h0gGM&feature=PlayList&p=0C7DE D7D6&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&i ndex=1 h0gGM&feature=PlayList&p=0C7DE D7D6&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&i ndex=1   John Cage Piano Sonata X for prepared piano

Modern Period 1900 – Present

Neoclassical  Composer: Aaron Copland  Uses techniques used in Baroque and Classical periods  Opposition to current musical trends  vM vM vM

Serialism  Composer: Arnold Schoenberg  Music has no tonal center  Randomly uses all 12 notes of the scale in a tone row  Aleatoric: created by chance.  CNc CNc CNc

Answer these!  What type of music used techniques from the Baroque and Classical time periods?  What type of music used all 12 notes of the scale in a tone row?

Minimalism CCCComposer: Phillip Glass UUUUses small patterns to create effects EEEExtended Ostinati DDDDrones in the background hhhh tttt tttt pppp :::: //// //// wwww wwww wwww.... yyyy oooo uuuu tttt uuuu bbbb eeee.... cccc oooo mmmm //// wwww aaaa tttt cccc hhhh ???? vvvv ==== 9999 YYYY RRRR zzzz SSSS 9999 yyyy SSSS 8888

Electronic CCCComposer: Karlheinz Stockhausen UUUUses tape loops FFFFound sounds, recorded then modified with computer. SSSSynthesized sounds: original sounds are artificially created. hhhh tttt tttt pppp :::: //// //// wwww wwww wwww.... yyyy oooo uuuu tttt uuuu bbbb eeee.... cccc oooo mmmm //// wwww aaaa tttt cccc hhhh ???? vvvv ==== aaaa NNNN tttt 6666 aaaa 5555 xxxx FFFF OOOO nnnn EEEE hhhh tttt tttt pppp :::: //// //// wwww wwww wwww.... yyyy oooo uuuu tttt uuuu bbbb eeee.... cccc oooo mmmm //// wwww aaaa tttt cccc hhhh ???? vvvv ==== 7777 yyyy kkkk QQQQ FFFF rrrr LLLL 0000 XXXX

What about this?  What type of music used tape loops?  What type of music used small patterns to create effects?

Modern Review  A time of musical experimentation  Electronic music becomes a main focus  Atonality – Music without a tonal center  Broken into Currents 1. Neoclassical 2. Serialism 3. Minimalism 4. Electronic

Modern Music Categorize Schoenberg’s Pierrot Lunaire, “Nacht” Stravinsky’s Symphony in Three Movements or Aaron Copland’s Appalachian Spring Stockhausen’s Gesang der Jünglinge (literally "Song of the Youths") John Adam’s Shaker Loops

1. 1. Define a tone row What repeats small patterns and uses drones in the background? Who is a composer of Minimalism music? List the types of modern music.

The End  This ends our journey through the different time periods of music history.  This does not include current musical styles from across the world, including popular music of our own country.  Source