Essential Question: How successful were the reforms of the Tanzimat? Cleveland CH: 5

 Causes  Need for qualified government officials  As European educated Ottomans gain positions within the government western political thought spread.  Rashid, Ali and Fuad Pashas were the driving force behind the reforms  Suppress nationalist movements by creating a Ottoman citizenship that was not based on religion.  Tanzimat Reforms  Political  New legal codes adopted based on the French code as model  Secular courts (Nizame) were established  Ministry of Justice was created  Constitution of 1876  Created and elected chamber of deputies and an appointed senate.  In 1878 Hamid II dissolved the assembly and took total control

 Military  Hatt-I Shaif of Gulhane 1839: Promised the end of tax farming and standardization of military conscription to all religions  Hatti-I Humayan 1856: Reaffirmed decree of 1839 but guaranteed equality for all subjects  Increased buying of foreign weapons  Economic  Reforms caused debt  Tax farming was ended  Social  Graduates of higher education schools that were meant to support the military were able to enter into government positions.  Young Ottomans  Intellectuals and Bureaucrats  Printed newspapers  Called for more democracy  Reforms needed to be gradual and grounded in Islamic traditions

 Effects of Reforms  Financial  In order to pay for reforms loans were taken out from Europe.  By % of state income went to pay off loans  1876 government fails to make payments  Decree of Muharram 1881: Created the Public Debt Administration, under pressure from Europe  Composed of representatives from main creditors and was authorized to collect designated revenues and use them to pay off interest on debt.

 Causes  Russian expansionism  Russia felt they supported Greek Orthodox Ottoman subjects  Russia supports Balkan independence movements due to religious Slavic cultural bonds  Eastern question  Russian ultimatum 1853  Tsar demands Orthodox Christians position in the empire become protected, Sultan rejected the ultimatum  Effects  Treaty of Paris 1856 Russia pledges to respect Ottoman territory, demilitarize the Black Sea and withdraw from the Danube.  Pan-Slavism: Russia’s goal becomes to liberate the Slavic people  Russo-Turkish war of 1878: Russia fighting for Bulgaria defeated the ottomans and dictated harsh terms.  Congress of Berlin 1878  Bismarck stepped in to avoid a general European war  Ottomans lost Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, and part of Bulgaria  Russia gained Kars, Batum and East Anatolia  Austria granted rights in Bosnia  British gain Cyprus

Essential Question: What led to the collapse of Ali’s dynasty in Egypt?

 Causes of Lebanon’s Civil war  Political reforms caused disruption of communal arrangements between ethnic groups.  Ibrahim Governorship of Greater Syria ( )  Equal treatment of all religious groups  1837 Druze refused to disarm  Ibrahim armed the Christians and had them attack the Druze  1860 Druze attacked Christians that had expanded into their land starting a civil war.  Consequences of Civil War  1861 Ottomans put an end to war  Europeans create Mutasarrifiyyah in 1861 to help protect Christians within the Ottoman Empire.

 Tanzimat economic and social impacts on Arab lands.  Nobles lost the privileges that they had established over centuries.  Aimed to move Greater Syria from subsistence farming to commercial farming to sell to Europe.  Land Code of 1858 regulated land holding  Creation of privately owned land  Nobles were able to buy huge tracks of land and become extremely wealthy.

 Ali’s successors  Abbas  Sa’id  Education reforms  Mubarak and Tahtawi  Attended school in Europe and returned to Egypt to continue westernization of education system.  End of Ali’s monopoly system  Increased European influence and competition  Became exporter of raw materials and importer of consumer goods  1854 agrees to build Suez Canal  More than 80,000 Europeans immigrated to Egypt.

 Isma’il the Magnificent  Goal was to complete Europeanization  Courts  Founded Cairo School of Law  Established mixed courts in 1876 to hold Europeans accountable  1884 Founded National Courts and unified law codes  Dominated by European Judges  Shari’a courts limited to personal status  Schools  Increased spending by ten times  Infrastructure  Built railways, bridges and new facilities at port of Alexandria

 Debt to Europe  Reforms were expensive  Borrowed money from Europe at high interest rate of 10%  Attempted to have people prepay taxes  1876 announced they could not pay their loans. (Same year the Ottomans defaulted)  1876 Public Debt Commission was established  Tawfiq replaced Ismai’il 1879  Tawfiq makes debt payment a priority  Urabi’s gains support trying to break foreign control of Egypt  1882 Great Britain buts down rebellion and leaves troops in Egypt until 1956