1. Section II: Change in Eastern Europe (Pages 468-472) This section is about: This section is about: How nationalism influenced the Greek and Serbian peoples to fight for independence. How nationalism influenced the Greek and Serbian peoples to fight for independence. How Russia ’ s involvement in Eastern Europe caused the Crimean War. How Russia ’ s involvement in Eastern Europe caused the Crimean War. How Russia ’ s czars in the 1800 ’ s ruled their country. How Russia ’ s czars in the 1800 ’ s ruled their country.

2. We ’ ve been in Western Europe for a while – now we ’ re moving a little. We ’ ve been in Western Europe for a while – now we ’ re moving a little. Look at the map on page 468 Look at the map on page 468 And, look at the definitions on 468 – especially the first. And, look at the definitions on 468 – especially the first. Why we ’ re looking at this is on page 472 (on the bottom): Critical Thinking. What do you think? Why we ’ re looking at this is on page 472 (on the bottom): Critical Thinking. What do you think?

3. Change in Eastern Europe Nationalism Leads to Revolt Nationalism ideas spread in Europe in the 1800 ’ s. Nationalism ideas spread in Europe in the 1800 ’ s. So did ideas of So did ideas of self-determination. self-determination. It ’ s exactly what it says it is: a belief that people have the right to decide their own form of government. It ’ s exactly what it says it is: a belief that people have the right to decide their own form of government.

4. The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans In the early 1800 ’ s, the Ottoman Empire is big In the early 1800 ’ s, the Ottoman Empire is big (map on 468). (map on 468). It includes parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Europe (the Balkans). It includes parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Europe (the Balkans). They had two problems in the 1800 ’ s: They had two problems in the 1800 ’ s: 1. The Sultans no longer controlled all the provinces. 2. Ideas of nationalism were spreading among the people of the Balkans. …………….. ……………..

5. The Balkans had many nation-states with different languages, cultures, and histories (Greece, Albania, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Bulgaria). The Balkans had many nation-states with different languages, cultures, and histories (Greece, Albania, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Bulgaria). And, they had Muslims (and Christians and Jews - who were denied some rights by the Sultans). And, they had Muslims (and Christians and Jews - who were denied some rights by the Sultans).

6. Trouble in Serbia and the Balkans 1804/1817: the first Balkan (Serbs) revolts against the Ottoman. 1804/1817: the first Balkan (Serbs) revolts against the Ottoman. They lost both times. They lost both times. 1829: Serbs were finally given limited self-rule. 1829: Serbs were finally given limited self-rule. They started to have a “ sense of identity. ” They started to have a “ sense of identity. ”

7. Greek Independence 1821: The Greeks had a rebellion. 1821: The Greeks had a rebellion. Their leaders reminded their people the ancient Greeks came up with the idea of democracy. Their leaders reminded their people the ancient Greeks came up with the idea of democracy. Europe also went along with these ideas and backed them up (with money, some ships, and even some people who went and fought). Europe also went along with these ideas and backed them up (with money, some ships, and even some people who went and fought). By 1830, Greece was an independent kingdom – and other nations had hope that they would soon be too. By 1830, Greece was an independent kingdom – and other nations had hope that they would soon be too. European countries started taking over the Balkan peninsula (the Ottomans were too weak to stop them). European countries started taking over the Balkan peninsula (the Ottomans were too weak to stop them). Russia, Austria, Great Britain, and France all planned to take more Ottoman lands. Russia, Austria, Great Britain, and France all planned to take more Ottoman lands.

8. Russia ’ s Involvement Grows By the 1850 ’ s Russia was huge power in Europe. By the 1850 ’ s Russia was huge power in Europe. France and Great Britain (also world powers) were worried Russia would try and get even more power and control. France and Great Britain (also world powers) were worried Russia would try and get even more power and control. As the Russians and the Ottomans battled for power, France and Great Britain sometimes sided with the Russians, and sometimes the Ottomans, depending on the circumstances. Sometimes they just remained neutral (not taking a side). As the Russians and the Ottomans battled for power, France and Great Britain sometimes sided with the Russians, and sometimes the Ottomans, depending on the circumstances. Sometimes they just remained neutral (not taking a side).

9. The Crimean War Russia wanted the lands along the Danube River (giving the access to the Mediterranean Sea). Russia wanted the lands along the Danube River (giving the access to the Mediterranean Sea). In 1853, the Crimean War was fought over these lands. In 1853, the Crimean War was fought over these lands. It was Great Britain, France, Sardinia (Italy) against the Russians in an area called Crimea. It was Great Britain, France, Sardinia (Italy) against the Russians in an area called Crimea. It was a brutal war, with cold weather, illness, and malnutrition. It was a brutal war, with cold weather, illness, and malnutrition. It was so bad they set up “ field hospitals ” (one of the nurses who helped was named Florence Nightingale). It was so bad they set up “ field hospitals ” (one of the nurses who helped was named Florence Nightingale). By 1856, there was a peace treaty and Russia was stopped (at least for the time). By 1856, there was a peace treaty and Russia was stopped (at least for the time).

10. An early dispute of the Crimean War was over religion and the Holy Lands of Palestine And who had the right to guard the key to Bethlehem ’ s Church of the Nativity And who had the right to guard the key to Bethlehem ’ s Church of the Nativity

11. Florence Nightingale The Crimean War was the first to be covered by newspaper photographers and correspondents. The Crimean War was the first to be covered by newspaper photographers and correspondents. So people could see soldiers were suffering and wanted to help – by sending nurses among other help. So people could see soldiers were suffering and wanted to help – by sending nurses among other help. The American Civil War is about the same time – a lot of American women wanted to be like Florence Nightingale and help the soldiers. The American Civil War is about the same time – a lot of American women wanted to be like Florence Nightingale and help the soldiers. Up until that time, men had been acting as nurses. Up until that time, men had been acting as nurses.

12. The Russo-Turkish War of 1867 In 1867, The Bulgarians and Balkans revolted against the Ottomans. In 1867, The Bulgarians and Balkans revolted against the Ottomans. Russia also saw it as an opportunity to fight the Ottomans. Russia also saw it as an opportunity to fight the Ottomans. This time, European nations stayed neutral. This time, European nations stayed neutral. Without help, the Ottomans lost and Russia took control of many Balkan states. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro became independent. Without help, the Ottomans lost and Russia took control of many Balkan states. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro became independent. France, Germany, and Austria thought Russia had too much power, so they had a meeting to “ negotiate. ” France, Germany, and Austria thought Russia had too much power, so they had a meeting to “ negotiate. ” Russia lost most of the lands it wanted. Russia lost most of the lands it wanted. It was said they “ won the war but lost the peace. ” It was said they “ won the war but lost the peace. ” ……………………. …………………….

15. Russia Faces Other Problems Czar Alexander I ruled Russia from 1801-1825. Czar Alexander I ruled Russia from 1801-1825. It was a time when the czars had total power and didn ’ t do much to help the regular people. It was a time when the czars had total power and didn ’ t do much to help the regular people. But Alexander I: But Alexander I: re-organized the government. re-organized the government. expanded the education system. expanded the education system. limited the use of the secret police. limited the use of the secret police. He later changed his mind and became a little more conservative (especially after the Congress of Vienna), but he did make some changes. He later changed his mind and became a little more conservative (especially after the Congress of Vienna), but he did make some changes.

16. Czar Nicholas I Czar Nicholas I Alexander I died suddenly and his brothers (Constantine and Nicholas each said the other should be the new czar. Alexander I died suddenly and his brothers (Constantine and Nicholas each said the other should be the new czar. In the confusion, a group of army officers (Decembrists) tried to take over - and demanded a constitution. In the confusion, a group of army officers (Decembrists) tried to take over - and demanded a constitution. But it had already been decided Nicholas I would be czar. But it had already been decided Nicholas I would be czar. The army officers would not give in, did battle with the regular troops and lost. The army officers would not give in, did battle with the regular troops and lost. Anyone who survived “ were dealt with. ” Anyone who survived “ were dealt with. ” …………………. ………………….

17. Czar Nicholas I was a reactionary – he was against change. Czar Nicholas I was a reactionary – he was against change. He started a special police to watch for groups who might be against the government. He started a special police to watch for groups who might be against the government. Anyone with liberal ideas was arrested. Anyone with liberal ideas was arrested. Nicholas I censored newspapers and textbooks. Nicholas I censored newspapers and textbooks. He banned any writing which disagreed with the government. He banned any writing which disagreed with the government. He limited university attendance and class subjects. He limited university attendance and class subjects. He refused to listen to any complaints from the serfs. He refused to listen to any complaints from the serfs.

18. Reforms of Alexander II Nicholas I died in 1855. Nicholas I died in 1855. His son became Czar: Alexander II. His son became Czar: Alexander II. He believed in reforms. He believed in reforms. He began trials with juries. He began trials with juries. He expanded the railway system. He expanded the railway system. Most important: he agreed he would end serfdom. They ’ d be able to buy land and pay for it gradually. Most important: he agreed he would end serfdom. They ’ d be able to buy land and pay for it gradually. But it didn ’ t work. Too many serfs went too deeply into debt and things got even worse. But it didn ’ t work. Too many serfs went too deeply into debt and things got even worse. In 1881, he was assassinated, succeeded by his son, Alexander III, and later by Nicholas II (both conservative rulers who resisted change). In 1881, he was assassinated, succeeded by his son, Alexander III, and later by Nicholas II (both conservative rulers who resisted change).