Civil Rights Movements Across America Ch.18

Latinos of Varied Origins  Mexican Americans  1miilion came in 1900s following the Mexican Revolution  some came in the 1940’s and 1950’s as braceros, and 1 million came in the 60’s

Latinos of Varied Origins  Puerto Ricans  immigrating after the Spanish American War of 1898, and by 1960’s 1miilion in the US  Cubans  Fled Castro’s gov’t after 1959 and large communities formed in NYC, Miami, NJ  1960’s thousand of Central and South American emigrated

Latinos Fight For Change  In 1966 Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta merged their new unions to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee

Latinos Fight For Change  Chavez believed in non-violence in dealing with California’s large fruit and vegetable companies (Ex. Boycotts/Fast)  In the 1960’s the Chicano Movement took off, “Brown Power” and the “Brown Berets” demanded Spanish speaking classes and Chicano studies programs at universities (Bilingual ED. Act of 1968)

Native Americans Fight For Equality  Suffered high unemployment rates, alcoholism, infant mortality rates and suicides  In 1961 reps from 61 tribes drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose  In 1968 LBJ established the National Council on Indian Opportunity

Voices of Protests  In 1968 the AIM (American Indian Movement) was formed to demand lands, burial grounds, fishing/ timber rights, and a respect of their culture

Women’s movements of the 1960s

BackgroundBackground  Second wave of activism.  Drew inspiration from the civil rights movement  It was made up of members of the middle class  It was also caused by the sexual revolution of the 1960s  Sparked by the development of the birth- control pill in 1960

National Organization for Women (NOW)  Founded in  by a group of people, including Betty Friedan, and Rev. Pauli Murray.  The first African- American woman Episcopal priest.  Betty Friedan became the organization's first president.

NOW (con’t.)  The goal of NOW is to bring about equality for all women.  They campaigned to gain passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) at the state level.  Issues NOW deals with:  works to eliminate discrimination and harassment in the workplace, schools, and the justice system.  secure abortion, birth control and reproductive rights for all women  end all forms of violence against women  eradicate racism, sexism and homophobia  promote equality and justice in society.

Betty Friedan  Wrote the book, Feminine Mystique in  In her book, she depicted the roles of women in industrial societies.  She focused most of her attention on the housewife role of women.  She referred to the problem of gender roles as "the problem without a name".  The book became a bestseller and was the cause for the second wave of feminism in the 60s. Feb. 4th, Feb. 4th, docs/friedan_feminine.pdf

First national Commission on the Status of Women  President Kennedy established the first national Commission on the Status of Women in  In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal inequality, and insufficient support services for working women.

Equal Pay Act 1963  It is the first federal law prohibiting sexual discrimination.  In 1963 the average female worker’s wages in the United States were equivalent to 58.9 % of the average male worker’s earnings.  It abolished wage differences based on sex.  “ No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section [section 206 of title 29 of the United States Code] shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs…” -- Equal Pay Act

The Civil Rights Act of 1964  Passed in  It banned discrimination on the basis of color, race, national origin, religion, or sex.  Section VII set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the act.

Roe vs. Wade  1973 Supreme Court Case:  Women had the right to choose an abortion during the first 3 months of pregnancy.

1960s Counterculture

The Hippie Movement  The term “hippie” comes from being hip. You were either hip or you were a “square” or a “pig.”  Hippies were looking for an alternative way to live life.  Most hippies valued freedom, nature, intimacy, peace, sharing, and spirituality.

Way of Life  Hippies wanted to distance themselves from mainstream ways of life.  They discarded possessions and often lived in parks or campsites in the woods.  Living like this made them feel free  Nudity was another form of freedom

Counterculture Fashion  Hippies distanced themselves from mainstream culture by their dress.  Colorful, flowing clothing, beads, headbands bellbottoms, and tie-dye were popular.  Men wore their hair and beards long or in afros.  Hippies were often called “longhairs”

San Francisco and Haight Ashbury  San Francisco was the birthplace of the counterculture/hippy movement.  By 1965 hippies had taken over the Haight Ashbury district.  Haight Ashbury district contains Golden Gate Park home of the Trips Festival This is a 20,000-strong be-in at Golden gate park in 1967

Hippie Music  The most popular music of the time was psychedelic rock  Bands like Jefferson Airplane, Quicksilver Messenger Service, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and the Grateful Dead played free concerts at Golden Gate Park.  Concerts were places for hippies to protest, socialize, dance, or take drugs.  At Woodstock over 250,000 hippies showed up to hear artists like Janis Joplin, The Who, Canned Heat, The Allman Brothers, and County Joe and the Fish.

Woodstock  Woodstock was not just a music concert. “For thousands who couldn’t even hear the music” it was a “profound religious experience.”  Meager resources were shared with everyone.  Many people at Woodstock used illegal drugs

Drug Culture  Drugs like marijuana and LSD were a big part of the hippy/counterculture movement.  Using drugs made hippies feel like the were rebelling from mainstream society.