ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C 6 H 12 O 6, CH 4 ) INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO 2, H 2 O)

lipids carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids water most important inorganic compound in living things most cellular processes take place in water solutions excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water) CO 2

come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers Most Organic Molecules mono meaning ONE poly meaning MANY May also have di…. meaning TWO

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen) Carbohydrates are made by plants (autotrophs) are the body’s primary source of energy Contain 4 calories per gram of energy are made of monomers called monosaccharides

Glucose is a monosaccharide. C6C6 H 12 O6O6O6O6 Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Other monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). H CH2OHCH2OH O O H H H H OHOH OHOH OHOH H HH OHOH OHOH C C C C C Note the ring shape of the molecule.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs. Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides. O CH2OHCH2OH H O O H H H H OHOH OHOH OHOH H HH OHOH CH2OHCH2OH H H H OHOH H O O O HH OHOH OHOH H H CH2OHCH2OH H O O H H H H OHOH OHOH OHOH H HH OHOH C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

Contain 9 calories per gram of energy function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage examples: fats, oils, waxes contain C, H, O not soluble in water classified as saturated or unsaturated glycerol also steroids (serve as chemical messengers)

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C H C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C O O C H H O O C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H made up of glycerolfatty acidsand

Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails contain C, O, H, N and usually S 3D protein structure contain 4 calories per gram of energy

an amino group are made up of and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids a carboxyl group H H N C H R O OHOH C C H HH H H NC H O OHOH C C OHOH HH H H NC H O OHOH C Alanine Serine

Levels of protein structure Primary Primary – sequence of amino acids Secondary – coils and folds due to H- bonding Tertiary – interactions between side chains Quaternary – interactions between 2 or more polypeptides

very large linear molecules examples: DNA and RNA contain C, H, N, O, P sugar phosphate nitrogen base nucleotide store genetic information, help to make proteins made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base DNA molecule sugar phosphate nitrogen base

What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? What are the functions of carbohydrates? Name examples of carbohydrates. monosaccharide (simple sugars) energy storage (short-term), structure or support glucose, starch, cellulose

What are the molecules that make up lipids? What are the functions of lipids? Name examples of lipids. glycerol and fatty acids energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones body fat, oils, waxes

What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? What are the functions of protein? Name examples of proteins. amino acids structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions muscles, hair, cartilage, nails image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program,

What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? What are the functions of nucleic acids? Name examples of nucleic acid. nucleotides store genetic information, help to make proteins DNA, RNA What are the compounds in a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base