WORLD WAR ONEWORLD WAR ONE

NATIONALISM TRIUMPHS IN EUROPE (1800 – 1914)NATIONALISM TRIUMPHS IN EUROPE (1800 – 1914) – Huge rush of nationalism in the 1800s – Unified some countries and tore other apart – Germany – Otto von Bismarck creates a powerful German empire Promotes economy, aggressive foreign policy, domestic reforms – Italy 1870 – Nationalism unified the country Long history of fragmentation will cause problems

– Russia Russian czars reluctantly surrender absolute power Country will swing between reform and repression – Ethnic groups in Eastern Europe growing restless for their own nations – Ottoman and Hapsburg empires feel unrest from their people and begin to fall apart

GROWTH OF WESTERN DEMOCRACIES (1815 – 1914) – Britain, France, US – reformers seek democratic rights and social change – Reformers try to help laborers – British suffrage is extended to all males, making women seek the vote too

– Defeated during the Franco-Prussian War and Civil War – France sets up Third Republic government – By 1900, US became world industrial giant – US is magnet for immigrants seeking freedom and opportunity

THE NEW IMPERIALISM (1800 – 1914)THE NEW IMPERIALISM (1800 – 1914) – Age of Imperialism – European powers expand their empires quickly – Much resistance but brought a lot of the world under their control – Industrial Revolution gave western powers the means and motives to seek global domination – With little regard for tradition or native people, European powers carve up the African continent – Britain, France, Russia take advantage of the crumbling Ottoman empire – Britain takes over 60% of India – China is taken over by spheres of influence by Western powers – China tries to resist but is overcome – By early 1900s, leaders in colonized parts were trying to create nationalist movements

NEW GLOBAL PATTERNS ( )NEW GLOBAL PATTERNS ( ) – Imperialism results in global exchange – Many nations profit, some are torn apart – Many radical changes in economies and governments – Japan transforms in to a modern nation to ward off imperialism

– By 1900, Western powers had claimed and carved up most of Asia – British colonies – Canada, Australia, New Zealand win independence – Latin America struggles to modernize and set up stable governments – Europe forces people to accept western ideas

THE PURSUIT OF PEACETHE PURSUIT OF PEACE 1896 – 1 st modern Olympic Games held in Athens Alfred Nobel – inventor of dynamite Regretted the use of his invention In his will, set up the Nobel Peace Prize

AGGRESSIVE NATIONALISMAGGRESSIVE NATIONALISM France and Germany – Strong nationalist feelings – Germans were proud of their new military power – France wanted to regain its domination – Wanted their lost land back from Prussia Eastern Europe – Russia – state sponsored nationalism “Pan- Slavism” – Austria-Hungray and the Ottoman’s felt threatened – By 1914, the Balkan’s called “powder keg of Europe”

RIVALRIES BETWEEN NATIONSRIVALRIES BETWEEN NATIONS Imperialism – Economies were growing, new factories were mass producing products – Europe divided by competition for colonies Militarism and the Arms Race – Militarism – glorification of the military – “Survival of the Fittest” – Countries made war seem glorified – Armies and Navies grew huge – Britain and Germany = navy – Military leaders gained political influence

A TANGLE OF ALLIANCESA TANGLE OF ALLIANCES Distrust lead powers to sign treaties Pledged to help each other To create massive powers no one would attack Triple Alliance 1882 – Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary Became known as Central Powers 1894 – France and Russia France and Britain created entente Entente – non-binding agreement to follow common policies Became the Allies

ASSASSINATION IN SARAJEVOASSASSINATION IN SARAJEVO Serbian Outrage – Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary announced he would visit Sarajevo, Bosnia – Serbian nationalists were outraged – June 28 th was Independence Day – felt that they were being patronized – Serbian group “Black Hand” vowed to take action

THE FATAL SHOTSTHE FATAL SHOTS – Archduke ignored warnings – June 28, 1914 road with wife, Sophie thru Sarajevo – Gavrilo Princip attacked car, two shots, both dead

HARSH ULTIMATUMHARSH ULTIMATUM – Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum – Ultimatum – final set of demands – Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish Serbian’s that were involved – Serbia agreed, partially – July 28 th – Austria declares war

FROM CAPITAL TO CAPITALFROM CAPITAL TO CAPITAL – Could have been a small war – Alliances caused countries to join – Austria-Hungary got help from Germany – Serbia got help from Russia – Mobilization – prepare military forces – Russia asked France to help and avenge loss – Germany declared war on France

THE SCHLIEFFEN PLANTHE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN – Italy stayed neutral – Britain had to decide – General Alfred von Schlieffen – Plan to avoid two front war – Defeat France then Russia – Germany invaded Belgium to get to France – Britain declares war on Germany

A NEW KIND OF CONFLICTA NEW KIND OF CONFLICT Called “The Great War” Largest conflict in history 40 million men mobilized 1 in 4 died, ones who lived, maimed, blind, mad War moved quickly By September 1914, battle lines were drawn Winter brought stalemate Stalemate – deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other

THE WESTERN FRONTTHE WESTERN FRONT Deep trenches across Europe No Man’s Land – space between trenches Covered in shell holes, barbed wire, dead bodies, land mines Only gained in small amounts

TECHNOLOGY OF MODERN WARFARETECHNOLOGY OF MODERN WARFARE New weapons developed Could shell from 10 miles away 1915, German’s started using poison gas – blinded, blistered, burns Gas masks to counteract Airplanes – 1,2 seat with machine guns Automatic machine guns – rapid continuous bullet stream Submarines – U-Boats, sunk ships without warning Zeppelins – large gas filled balloons used to bomb Convoys – groups of merchant ships protected by warships

GLOBAL CONFLICTGLOBAL CONFLICT Eastern Europe – Russia pushed though Germany – Tannenberg – Russia defeated and retreated – Couldn’t fight new weapons Southern Europe – Bulgaria and Italy joined – Italy has secret alliance to get Austrian land War and the Colonies – European colonies were drawn into the struggle – Allies took over colonies – Some forced in to service, others served to get independence

WINNING THE WARWINNING THE WAR – Total War Nations channeled all resources in to war effort Conscription – The Draft, all young men had to be ready – Propaganda War Propaganda – spreading of ideas to promote cause damaging to other side Wanted to keep bad news quite and raise nationalism

WINNING THE WARWINNING THE WAR – Impact of Women As men left to fight, women took jobs Some women became nurses in the war Most women had to give up jobs when men returned – Collapsing Morale By 1917, troops were depressed Germany was sending 15 year olds in to battle Many casualties, food shortages, failure to win – upset people

WINNING THE WARWINNING THE WAR – Russian Revolution Russia hit hard by war Food riots lead people to revolt Monarchy fell apart, Allies were happy czar fell V.I. Lenin came to power Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany – ended war for Russia – Impact on War With Russia gone, Germany concentrated on Western Front

THE US DECLARES WARTHE US DECLARES WAR 1917 – US joins war Germany was using U-Boats and sinking American ships Killed many civilians especially on the Lusitania Americans supported the Allies since they came from Allied countries

– Zimmerman Note US intercepted note from German minister Promised Mexico land they lost if they helped Germany Published, Americans got mad – Declaring War April 1917 Pres Wilson asked congress to declare war Took year to Europe

– Fourteen Points January 1918, Fourteen Points Speech Freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of arms Wanted great association of nations – Campaign to Victory Early 1918 – final battles fought German’s overthrew government Other countries were getting tired Armistice – Agreement to end fighting Germany and Allies at 11am on November 11, 1918

COST OF WARCOST OF WAR 8.5 million people were dead Influenza pandemic killed 20 million around the world Most of Europe had to be rebuilt from shelling damage Countries had huge war debt Reparations – payment for war damage Governments collapsed, revolutionaries took over Colonies fought back against imperialism for independence

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCEPARIS PEACE CONFERENCE Big Three – US President Woodrow Wilson – British PM George – French Pres Clemenceau – No one likes it Wilson’s points Difficult Issues – Countries wanted land back that was taken from them – Wilson got his international peace group, League of Nations

TREATY OF VERSAILLESTREATY OF VERSAILLES June 1919 – met with new German Republic to sign treaty Read document with horror Forced Germany to pay for the whole war ($30 billion) Reduce army and return lands Forced to sign treaty – would cause resentment for years