Abnormal Psychology A Power Point With Stiles

Welcome to PSYCH Hello, welcome to the Psychiatric Hotline. If you are obsessive-compulsive, please press 1 repeatedly. If you are co-dependent, please ask someone to press 2. If you have multiple personalities, press 3,4,5, and 6. If you are paranoid-delusional, we know who you are and what you want. Just stay on the line so we can trace the call. If you are schizophrenic, listen carefully and a little voice will tell you which number to press.

Mental Health Statistics 2 million “in- patient” in psychiatric units 2.4 million group home residents 15% utilize treatments for psychological disorders 450 million world wide are in need of psychological assistance

Understanding Psychological Disorders Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood. Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)

Circulating Swing Tranquilizing Chair – Benjamin Rush The Crib

Medical Perspective Opposition to brutal treatments. Philippe Pinel ( ) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind. This led to “moral treatment.” Dance in the madhouse.

Medical Model When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, they started using medical models to review the physical causes of these disorders. 1. Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder. 2. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another. 3. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital. 4. Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.

The city of San Diego evicted 54 year old Richard Thompson and all his belongings from his home. His belongings included shirts, pants, dozens of shoes, several bibles, a cooler, a tool chest, lawn chairs, a barbecue grill, tin plates, bird-cages, two pet rats, and his self fashioned bed. For the previous 9 months Thompson had lived happily and without any problems in a downtown storm drain (sewer). Because the city does not allow people to live in storm drains, Thompson was evicted from his underground storm-drain home and forbidden to return. Although Thompson later lived in several care centers and mental hospitals, he much preferred the privacy and comfort of the sewer. (Grimaldi, 1986) Is Thompson’s living in the sewer abnormal?

efining Abnormality D eviant (nudity) changes w/ culture and time D istressful D ysfunctional (key) interfering with work and leisure Snowy Farr

Wodaabe Tribe In the Wodaabe tribe men wear costumes to attract women. In Western society this would be considered abnormal.

Modern Perspectives of Psychological Disorders Bio-psycho-social Model –Eclectic –Drugs & cognitive Therapies Biological (evolution, individual genes, brain structures and chemistry) Psychological (stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related, perceptions and memories) Sociocultural (roles, expectations, definition of normality and disorder

Labels Matter. 1.Bias. (videotaped interviews) 2.Stigmatize. (jobs, homes) 3.Stereotypes. (Media bias) 4.Labels not only bias perceptions, they can change reality. (self – fulfilling prophecy) 5.Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating with one another and establishing therapy. 6. “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes.

David Rosenhan: Pseudo- Patient Experiment Investigated reliability of psychiatric diagnoses Eight healthy people entered psychiatric hospitals complaining of hearing strange voices Once admitted to the hospital, they behaved normally and claimed that the voices had disappeared

Rosenhan: Results Staff treated patients as if they were really ill Staff noted “abnormal” symptoms Kept patients for an average of 19 days Discharged with diagnosis of “schizophrenia in remission”

Rosenhan: Nonexistent Impostor Experiment Told hospital staff to expect pseudo-patients (“impostors”) No pseudo-patients were actually sent, but staff identified 41 anyway (these were, in fact, real patients)

Rosenhan: Implications Psychiatrists disputed the results Prompted changes in psychiatric diagnosis The DSM-IV be.com/watch?v =jXp-ANr8jAQ

Classifying Psychological Disorders The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders. The most recent edition, DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision, 2000), describes 400 psychological disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s.

Goals of DSM 1.Describe disorders 2.Describe how prevalent the disorder is Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar

Multiaxial Classification: DSM-IV serves as guidelines for making decisions about symptoms Axis I Axis II Axis III Axis IV Axis V Is a Clinical Syndrome (schizophrenia, anxiety, mood disorders) present? Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation Present? Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, arthritis) also present? Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present? What is the Global Assessment of the person’s ability to function?

Clinical Diagnosis of Jeffrey Dahmer: Antisocial Personality Disorder Axis I: Unusual sexual symptoms may match those of a sexual disorder Axis II: Maladaptive Personality disorder Axis III: N/A Axis IV: Loner, poor self esteem, poor social skills which match psycho-social symptoms Axis V: Amazingly, Dahmer functioned well enough to hold a job & go unnoticed in his neighborhood

Therapies

Cognitive Model –Irrational thought processes are the cause of psychological disorders –Popular model –Rational Emotive Therapy –Cognitive Therapy –RET 98% OH NO! I only got 98%.

Psychoanalytic Model –Inspired by Freud –“Talking Cure” –Dominated early to mid 20 th century –Insight Therapy –Long Term –Free Association –Dream Analysis Dream Symbols

Biological/Biomedical Emphasizes the brain, brain structures, neurotransmitters. Therapy: –Drugs –ECT –Lobotomy

Humanistic Model Emphasizes self exploration and growth. 3 Components: Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy Client Centered Therapy –Client can express themselves without having to worry about what the therapist thinks of them. Carl Rogers

Behavioral Model –Emphasis on Learning –Observational Learning –Systematic Desensitization –Aversion Therapy –Token Economies –Flooding + =