1. Psychotherapy
Goals and Methods

2. Psychoanalytic Model Inspired by Freud
Assumed Problem: unconscious forces, childhood experiences and repressed trauma
Goals: Reduce anxiety through self-insight “Talking Cure”
Insight Therapy
Resistance - blocking
Free Association
Transference
Dream Analysis (latent)
Long Term
Inspired by the views of Sigmund Freud, the perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts over aggressive and sexual impulses. Freud attempted to relieve neurotic anxiety. Psychoanalytic therapy (the “talking cure”) dominated early to mid-20th century approaches to treatment, but is currently practiced to a lesser extent.
Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective views anxiety disorders as the discharging of repressed impulses.
According to Freud dreams reflect symbolic or unconscious desires. A psychoanalyst asks a patient to describe a dream in as much detail as possible. Manifest/ Latent 2

3. Humanistic Model Carl Rogers- active listening, empathy, genuineness
Assumed Problem: Barriers to self understanding and self acceptance.
Goals: Personal growth through self insight, congruence
Components: Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy, genuineness
Client Centered Therapy (non-directive)
Client can express themselves without worry of judgment.
Carl Rogers- active listening, empathy, genuineness
Two primary goals of person-centered therapy are increased self-esteem and greater openness to experience. Some of the related changes that this form of therapy seeks to foster in clients include closer agreement between the client's idealized and actual selves; better self-understanding; lower levels of defensiveness, guilt, and insecurity; more positive and comfortable relationships with others; and an increased capacity to experience and express feelings at the moment they occur. 3

4. Behavioral Model
Assumed Problem: maladaptive behaviors based on the principals of learning.
Goals: extinguish and replace maladaptive behaviors.
Systematic Desensitization (exposure)
Aversion Therapy
Token Economies (operant)
This model emphasizes that psychological disorders have learning as their basis. For example, inappropriate behaviors might have been reinforced and the punishment or extinction of appropriate behaviors may have occurred. Observational learning may also play a role.
Behavior therapies rely on learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors. + = 4

5. Cognitive Model OH NO! I only got 98%. 98% Example:
Cognitive Therapy (Aaron Beck)
Assumed Problem: People engage in (negative) self talk that is false.
Goals: Confront irrational thought processes. Replace neg./false thinking patterns.
Change in belief  change in emotion (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy)
Example:
Rational Emotive Therapy- RET (Albert Ellis) Challenge the validity of clients statements.
Cognitive therapy techniques are designed to help people change the way that they think about their problems. People can deal with problems by learning to change their thoughts or cognitions.
Albert Ellis is credited with introducing RET. The premise of RET is that people engage in self-talk that is false. If people can change their beliefs, then according to Ellis, this will produce a change in emotion. The therapist confronts irrational beliefs of the client. For example, the client might believe that she must perform perfectly on an exam. The therapist confronts this belief, the client becomes aware of the irrationality of the thought and begins to create a more realistic perspective. The therapist acts primarily as a teacher who helps the client develop skills that will allow the client to think more rationally.
Aaron Beck- Widely used with depression- Cognitive schemas, methods for organizing the way that we view the world , have evolved into a distorted perception. Ex. Minimizing personal accomplishments—”anyone could have succeeded” thus minimizing own success. A therapist would draw attention to this faulty reasoning of the client by challenging the validity of the statement.
Cognitive therapy is a psychosocial (both psychological and social) therapy that assumes that faulty thought patterns (called cognitive patterns) cause maladaptive behavior and emotional responses. The treatment focuses on changing thoughts in order to solve psychological and personality problems. Behavior therapy is also a goal-oriented, therapeutic approach, and it treats emotional and behavioral disorders as maladaptive learned responses that can be replaced by healthier ones with appropriate training. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) integrates features of behavior modification into the traditional cognitive restructuring approach.
98% 5

6. Biological/Biomedical
Assumed Problem
Abnormalities in the brain, brain structures, neurotransmitters.
Goals:
Drug Therapy/ Psychosurgery:
Drugs
ECT
Lobotomy 6

7. Evaluating Therapy Effectiveness
Pg. 619