Production Technology An Introduction

The Evolution of Production A general overview

The Evolution of Production  The stone age is our first indication of humans developing products.  Approximately 2 million years ago humans made the first tools out of stone.  These tools were made of chipped pebbles and flaked stones.  These tools had a specific purpose - survival

Stone Age

Stone Age – Copper Age  By 6000 BC pottery appeared in the ancient Middle East.  Copper during this time began to be used for the first time in certain regions of the world.  What does this mean?  People learned to melt copper and form it into a finished product.

Bronze Age  People learned that they could mix copper and tin together to make a stronger metal called bronze.

Bronze Age  Bronze was thought to be discovered in the Middle East, but discoveries revealed that the technology was used in Thailand as Early as 4500 BC  The Bronze Age there ended about 1200 BC, after which iron technology became common

Iron Age  Iron Age, marks the period of development of technology, when the working of iron came into general use, replacing bronze as the basic material for implements and weapons.  The major technical advance of the early Greek period was the widespread use of iron. Furnaces were developed that could reach the high melting temperature of that metal. Iron technology had spread throughout the classical world by about 500 BC.

Iron Age  Early steels were discovered by adding small amounts of carbon to iron as it was hammered over a charcoal fire. Mining became well developed and included the use of pumps to keep mines from flooding.  Metal ware was used for pots and dishes, sometimes with unforeseen disastrous results such as lead poisoning.  Technology also advanced weaponry with the development of catapults, better swords, and body armour.

The Industrial Revolution  During certain periods in history, innovations in technology have grown at such a rapid pace that they have produced what have become known as industrial revolutions.  The term industrial revolution originally referred to the developments that transformed Great Britain, between 1750 and 1830, from a largely rural population making a living almost entirely from agriculture to a town- centred society engaged increasingly in factory manufacture.

The Industrial Revolutions  The Industrial Revolution started in England, because that nation had the technological means, government encouragement, and a large and varied trade network. The first factories appeared in 1740, concentrating on textile production.  They were textile factories, which made the cloth needed to produce clothing.

Industrial Revolution Continued  The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 helped this particular industry to thrive.  Other inventions such as the carding machine by John Kay, the water frame by Richard Arkwright, the spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves have all contributed to the manufacturing process.  Other contributions include, the steam engine, and the gas and diesel engine.  Positive/Negative Impacts?

Cotton Gin Carding Machine Child Labour

20 th Century and The Information Age  Technology is rapidly changing our world. Each new process or invention make other advances possible.  Such 19th and 20th century inventions as the telephone, the phonograph, the wireless radio, the motion picture, the automobile, and the airplane served only to add to the nearly universal respect that society in general felt for technology  Society was being rapidly transformed by increased mobility, rapid communication, and information from mass media. This transformation is known as the information age.  Positive/Negative Impacts?

What is Production Technology  Production Technology – is the process that people engage in… in order to produce a product that the public demands.  Can you identify any forms of production in your community, or in the province.  Fish Plant in Jackson’s arm  Billie Boot Bags in St. John’s

Manufacturing - changing materials into usable products  We have many companies across our island that are involved in the manufacturing of many different types of products.  Fish plants and berry processing plants  Electronics  Shipyards and boat building  Oil refinery  Paper mills and mining  Shoe factories  Furniture factories

The General Process of Events  Design and Engineering  Purchasing of materials  Production of product  Quality tests and control  Packaging  Sales to the consumer

Importance of Design & Quality Control  It is important to have a product that A) people want to buy B) addresses changing customer needs C) improves with each new version  It is important to test your product for quality A) to make sure that customers get a reliable product

Purchasing  An organization requires raw materials, produced materials, etc in order to develop their product. For example A sawmill needs wood Car manufacturers need tires, glass, etc.

Sales  Is packaging important? Why? Yes, packaging is important. It helps entice someone to buy a product.  What type of things are involved in sales? Advertising Marketing

The Process – an example  What types of processes would these factories use to produce a product?  Shoe factory?  They would need someone to design a shoe, obtain the materials needed to make the shoe, organize an assembly line and have workers make the shoe, have someone inspect the shoe, have some pick up the shoes and deliver them to a store, and have someone sell the shoe.

Three Components of Processing  Primary processing – change raw materials into industrial materials. The collecting of nature’s resources needed to produce a product.  Secondary Processing – the actual steps or action taken to produce a product  Tertiary Processing – the end result or outcomes for the product that is produced. It is a finishing operation that does not affect the product's “shape”.

Primary Process Examples  Using machines to remove bark from trees (a mechanical process)  Metal ores are mined, crushed, heated and changed when other materials are added (chemical process)

Secondary Processes  Forming – changing the shape of material Rolling, forging, casting, extrusion, stamping  Separating – cutting of materials to size and shape  Combining – putting materials together Mixing, fastening, soldering, coating  Conditioning – changes the internal structure of a material Hardening, tempering, annealing, vulcanization

Jackson’s Arm Fish Plant  Primary Processing – Fish is harvested from the sea  Secondary Processing – Harvested fish is processed into fish fillets.  Tertiary Processing – Fish fillets are sold to the public as part of fish cakes.  What types of production tools are needed to complete this process?

Production Tools  Production tools – are any tools or equipment that is needed to complete a finished product.  E.g. The Fish Cake – would require boats, nets or traps, hoists or crane to remove the fish from the boats, conveyor-belts, to move the fish through the plant, people to gut and fillet the fish, a packaging machine to wrap the fish, a freezer to keep the fish fresh, people or machines to box the fish, and a truck to deliver the fish to the stores.

Production in the Home  What types of productions tools can you identify in your home?  Mixer, oven, knives, spoons, forks, measuring cups, etc.  Table saw, drill, wood lathe, band saw, handsaw, hammers, etc.  wrench, socket set, voltmeter, soldering gun, etc.

Tools in Manufacturing