Asia and European Imperialism

Ming Foreign Policy Attitudes toward trade Wanted to be self-sufficient Refused to rely on foreign trade Became the best sailors in the world Built ships called Junks by Europeans The northern frontier Moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing Strengthened Great Wall of China Chose frontier defense over trade and sea travel Confucianism was the official philosophy of govt

Founding the Qing Dynasty Nurhachi unified tribes into Manchu Adopted Chinese culture Study of Philology Similar to Renaissance study of the classics Men wore a queue Long braid symbolizing their submission to China and the Qing Kept Manchu people separate and distinct from Chinese

Economy, Culture, and Society Economy Trade and manufacturing specialization grew Tea was the main reason the British and Dutch came Popular culture and society Novels and plays in everyday language Available for common man Family was center of society

Decline of the Qing Dynasty Population growth Government inefficiency and increases in taxes Lead to the White Lotus Rebellion Group of Buddhist protested Weakened the Qing Dynasty Order finally restored in the early 1800’s More rebellions were to come

The Portuguese Trade ties with China Wanted to spread Christianity Jesuit missionaries helped emperors revise calendar Gained great power with imperial court Qing rulers became suspicious Fearful of Jesuits’ intentions

The British Free trade ideas Great Britain abolished British East India Company’s monopoly on trade with China Opposite of the mercantilistic ideals of the Chinese The opium trade Chinese demand for cotton didn’t match British demand for tea British India exported opium to China Caused trade imbalance

The British The Opium War Chinese tried to forcibly stop opium trade Treaty of Nanjing Gave Hong Kong to British rule Allowed British access to China More concessions Unequal treaties with France and United States Unequal because they were signed under threat of force Foreign embassies in Beijing Extraterritoriality Foreigners being allowed to live in another country under the rules of their home nation

Rebellions Taiping Rebellion Christian Uprising Started by a man named Hong Claimed to be brother of Jesus Wanted to start his own dynasty – Taiping “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” Caused terrible destruction Christian and Muslim teachings motivated more revolts

The Boxer Rebellion Who: China vs. Eight Allied Nations U.K., U.S., Japan, Italy, France, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary What: Violent anti-Christian and anti-foreign movement in China Empress Cixi authorized war on foreign powers When: Where: Northern China Why: Growing anti-Christian sentiment following Taiping Rebellion; Opposition to foreign imperialism “Support the Qing, exterminate the foreigners.” RESULT: Alliance defeated Chinese Plundered capital Executed everyone suspected of being a Boxer China was humiliated

Founding the Tokugawa Shogunate Tokugawa rule Combination of feudalism and central monarchy Toyotomi Hideyoshi Attempted to conquer Korea Tokugawa Ieyasa Crushed rivals

Foreign Contact The Portuguese in Japan Christian missionaries Jesuits Closing the country Saw Christianity and Western technology as threats to Tokugawa rule and to Japanese traditions and values Samurai felt that the musket devalued Samurai training Japan angered many Euro nations by closing their ports during storms

Life in Tokugawa Japan Social classes Confucian ideal Class was determined by birth The warrior class in Japan replace the scholar class in China This placed the Samurai at the top of the class system Change and culture Internal trade expanded Artisans and merchants prospered New forms of art, literature, theater

The End of Japan’s Isolation Matthew Perry Sent by President Fillmore of the United States to negotiate a treaty for safe trade with Japan After a year the Japanese agreed Treaty of Kanagawa Similar treaties with Great Britain, Netherlands, Russia