1. Asia in Transition

2. The Ming and Qing Dynasties Ming foreign policy: Excellent sailors; Europeans called their boats “junks”. Image (http://www.phranangdivers.com/boatslb.htm)

3. Ming Exploration The Chinese probably invented the compass for navigation. (early 1100s) Ming emperors financed exploration fleets to India and the Arabian peninsula. Voyages preceded European exploration of same areas by 100+ years.

4. Ming Exploration 1405-1415

5. Attitudes toward trade Self-reliant foreign policy shunned trade and exploration for a time. Efforts were taken after the Mongol expulsion to make China like it was before. Confucianism named official philosophy of the government.

6. The Northern Frontier Strengthened the Great Wall. Capital relocated from Nanjing to Beijing in the north. Northern barbarians had to pay tribute to keep them from uniting and becoming a danger like the Mongols had. Frontier defense was a high priority.

7. Ming Art http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/asian_art/Ch uba/ViewObject_zoom.aspx?depNm=all&Title=chuba&pID=0&kWd=&vW=1 &Pg=794&St=0&StOd=1&vT=1&RID=15866http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/asian_art/Ch uba/ViewObject_zoom.aspx?depNm=all&Title=chuba&pID=0&kWd=&vW=1 &Pg=794&St=0&StOd=1&vT=1&RID=15866 http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/antonio_ratti_ textile_center/Welcoming_Spring/viewObject.aspx?&OID=200014592&PgS z=1http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/antonio_ratti_ textile_center/Welcoming_Spring/viewObject.aspx?&OID=200014592&PgS z=1 http://www.npm.gov.tw/english/exhbition/mih9912/english/cover2.htm

8. Qing Dynasty A chieftain named Nurhachi unified the tribes Northeast of China into a single people called Manchu. (Manchuria) Began a new dynasty: Qing. Many, including emperor Hsuan-yeh (shoo:AHN:yeh) adopted Chinese culture. Qing minority kept separate and distinct; queue a symbol of submission.

9. Manchurian Expansion

10. Manchu Expansion

12. Economy, Culture, Society in the Ming and Qing dynasties Both Ming and Qing kept traditional ideas, political institutions, and values.

13. Economy Growth during Qing included specialization and manufacturing. International trade grew despite governmental disapproval. Cities grew. Farmers planted new crops from Americas including peanuts, sweet potatoe (poor man’s food), and tobacco.

14. Popular Culture and Society Old traditional stories recorded in novel and play form. Qing scholars studied philology: the history of literature and language.

15. Decline of the Qing Between 1750- mid-1800s China’s population grew to more than 400 million people. (strain on government to meet needs) Rampant corruption in government (bribes required, etc.) Natural disasters (famine, flood…) A revolt by a Buddhist cult called the White Lotus Society led the “White Lotus Rebellion” and seriously weakened the government although it was able to restore order. Rebellions occur frequently following 1850.

16. China and Europeans

17. The Portuguese Built trading station at Macao. Jesuit missionaries tried to convert high- ranking officials to Christianity. Leaders became afraid that Chinese Catholics would be more loyal to the orders of the pope than the emperor.

18. The British Contact started with need for Chinese tea. Contact between merchants was kept to a minimum.

19. Free Trade The spread of mercantilism caused the development of free trade ideas; that government should not restrict or interfere with international trade. The British East India Company was seen to have a monopoly over the tea trade in China and was banned from trading.

20. Opium The British East India Company had been trading Indian Cotton for Chinese Tea, but as demand for tea grew, they had to find something else to trade with China. Opium sales by the company in China caused a huge trade imbalance and dangerous addictions.

21. The Opium War The Chinese demanded that opium sales stop, but the British did not respond. The Chinese tried to stop opium sales by force, which began the Opium War; easily won by Britain. Under the Treaty of Nanjing, China gave the island of Hong Kong to the British and promised the British subjects would be governed by British law when they were in China. The requirement that foreigners must follow the laws of their home country instead of the country in which they live is called extraterritoriality.

22. More concessions Chinese signed other treaties with Western powers including the United States. These treaties were signed under pressure of defeat and fear of further invasions; called “unequal” treaties.

23. Rebellions Leader named Hong Xiuquan (hoohng shee:oo:choo:ahn) claimed to be Jesus’ brother and wanted to establish a new dynasty called Taiping. The Taiping rebellion seriously weakened the Qing dynasty and the nation. In combination with other rebellions it killed millions of people and seriously damaged southern China.

24. The Tokugawa Shoguns in Japan

25. Foundations Three separate daimyo overlords became leaders after the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate. They built a strong feudal system in Japan.

26. Oda Nobunaga Ended Ashikaga shogunate in 1573. Commited suicide after being wounded by his own men.

27. Toyotomi Hideyoshi Leader in Nobunaga’s army. Succeeded him after his suicide. Weakened powerful daimyos by taking some of their land. Took weapons from peasants and would not let them in the warrior class. Invaded Korea as a type of military practice in addition to building an empire.

28. Tokugawa Ieyasu Became shogun in 1603 after defeating rival daimyos. His family ruled as shogun for 250 years. They established the Tokugawa shogunate.

29. Tokugawa rule Daimyos acted as almost absolute rulers. They were forced to live in the city of Edo every other year, and to leave their families there when they left as hostages of the shogun. Over 200 years of stability and isolation (resulting from decisions about foreign contact).

30. Tokugawa foreign contact Portuguese traders brought muskets and Christianity. Muskets seen as unfair in the samurai code. Jesuit missionaries seen as a danger to the power of the shogun when they convert daimyos and samurai to Christianity. Missionaries expelled by early 1600s. Portuguese traders expelled but some Dutch traders allowed to stay.

31. Life in Tokugawa Japan Strict social class structure based on heredity. Cities grew in size, resulting in a growth in a kind of pop culture, complete with theatre and writing.

32. End of Japan’s Isolation Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy sailed to Japan with a squadron of ships to convince the Japanese to sign a trade agreement. Treaty of Kanagawa opened ports to the Americans and established consulates- diplomatic offices headed by consuls. Similar agreements with other nations soon followed. Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown after civil war and amid doubts that the shogunate could resist Western demands. Power restored to the emperor.