1. Chapter 17: Asia in Transition

2. Ming Foreign Policy Chinese were the most
Skilled sailors in the world.
Build large sturdy ships called
Junks: Some were more than 400 feet long.
Ming emperor financed
A fleet that sailed across Indian Ocean
Fleet reached the Arabian Peninsula
Chinese had ability to become a great seafaring power.
Ming emperors had little interest in
Sea power or foreign trade
Stopped financing expeditions.

3. Attitudes toward Trade
After defeating Mongols, Ming emperors tried
To rid China of all Mongol influences.
Wanted China to be as great as they were during the
Han, Tang, and Sung dynasties.
Ming emperors
Restore Confucianism as official philosophy of the government.
Divides society into four classes.

4. Four Classes under Confucianism
Scholar-Gentry
Highly literate class helped staff royal bureaucracy.
Farmers
Produce food and paid taxes that supported empire
Artisans
Made beautiful useful objects.
Merchants
Bottom of social order
Sold objects that peasants and artisans produced.
In the minds of the emperor, foreign trade:
Did not bring enough benefits to China to make it worthwhile.

5. Northern Frontier Focused their efforts on the
Long northern land frontier
To protect frontier, Ming strengthened
The Great Wall of China
Encouraged soldiers to move to frontier zone by offering
Free land to families
Also encouraged peasants and city dwellers to move there.
Prevent Nomadic tribes from uniting from the North.
Required constant
Attention
Great deal of money

6. Founding the Qing Dynasty
Located in:
Manchuria to northeast of China.
Chieftain named:
Nurhachi unifies many tribes into single people called Manchu
Nurhachi son captured eastern Mongolia and Korea
Declared beginning of the Qing Dynasty.
Captured
Beijing and ruled China until 1912.
Outsiders capture China again even with Ming efforts.
Emperors were not
Chinese
Adopted Chinese culture and ruled with traditional techniques.
Husan-Yeh: Qing ruler emperor that adopted techniuqes.
Chinese men wore hair tied in
Queue (tail)
Symbolized submission to Manchu rule.

7. Economy Lower Yangtze region became a center for
Weaving of cotton cloth.
Transported goods along
Canals, coastal waterways, and rivers.
Sent goods to Central Asia and Russia such as
Tea and silk by caravan
Chinese cities continued to grow.
Relied on merchants to supply
Clothing, food, and other goods to city dwellers.
Farmers grew rice, wheat, and tea but planted new crops:
Peanuts, sweet potatoes (poor man’s food), tobacco (introduced by America).

8. Popular Culture and Society
Wealth of urban people led to popular culture
City people read
Novels and plays in common everyday language.
Old tales about bandits and corrupt officials in novels.
Portrayed Chinese society and family life.
Scholars had studied ancient writings:
Phiology: the history of literature and language.
Scholars began to organize a manuscript library.
Society was based solely on the famly.
Each person had a role in life.
Ex: Father/head of house. Daughter married/lived with new family.

9. Decline of Qing Dynasty
Growing population placed increasing pressure in government:
Corruption at court and government became widespread.
Demanded bribes in return for government services.
Farmers found it difficult to support:
Their families and themselves.
Disastrous floods and famine in parts of China
Led to peasant rebellion
Leading the rebellion was a White Lotus Society called
White Lotus Rebellion
Qing Dynasty survived rebellion, but clearly declined.

10. China and Europeans

11. The Portuguese Able to build trade ties with China.
Allowed Portuguese to establish trading station in:
Macao
Arrived on Portuguese ships
Jesuit missionaries: used knowledge of astronomy to gain admission. Emperor liked the help of fixing Chinese calendar.
Appointed missionaries in official positions.
Allowed missionaries to convert officials to Christianity.
Jesuit power aroused:
Jealousy and concern among Chinese leaders.
Qing rulers became suspicious and turned against them.
Emperors denounced Christianity as anti-Confucian.

12. The British Established a trading post in: Came to China to buy
Guangzhou
Came to China to buy
Silk and tea (became the land of tea drinkers).
British East India Company
Monopolized the new trade in Chinese teas.
Company agreed to Chinese restrictions.
Could only dock at Guangzhou
Company representatives were required to stay in Guangzhou outside city walls.
New Ideas about trade and sale of opium damaged trade relations.

13. Free Trade Ideas Supporters of free trade argued that government:
Should not restrict or interfere with international trade.
Traders who did not work for British East India Company resented:
Company’s monopoly on the tea trade.
British government becomes involved in debate because:
Hoped to gain additional overseas markets.
British officials ask Chinese
to open more ports for their ships.
Efforts failed and led to British East India Company’s abolishment.

14. Opium Trade Expansion of tea trade
British East India Company paid for:
Purchases with cotton from India.
Chinese demand for cotton=same
British demand for tea=kept rising
Company found a drug to exchange for tea called
Opium
Problem?
Opium addictions spread throughout China
Huge trade imbalance grew, with more silver going out than coming in.
Demanded opium trade stop
All opium cargo be turned over to them.

15. Opium War When Chinese tried to stop trade:
War broke out
Conflict between China and Britain known as the:
Opium War
Chinese army and navies no match compared to Britain.
Qing officials agree to negotiate with British officials.
Treaty of Nanjing
China gave island of Hong Kong to British.
Opened five ports to British trade (Fixed low tariff).
Subjects in ports governed by British laws and courts.
Extraterritoriality
Foreigners must follow laws of their home country instead of laws of country they live in.

16. More Concessions Unequal treaties
Chinese signed treaties under the pressure of defeat and fear of further invasion.
Benefits went to foreign powers.
Gained little from them.
Another war, Another British win, another unequal treaty.
Opened additional ports along Yangtze River
Chinese had to allow British Embassy in Beijing.
Chinese govt. had to protect Christian missionaries and their converts in China.
Other countries also opened embassies in Beijing.

17. Rebellions Hong Xiuquan Taiping Rebellion
Influenced by Christian teachings
Said he was younger brother of Jesus
Influenced a new dynasty and attracted many followers.
Taiping Rebellion
Millions of people were killed
Cities and farmlands destroyed
All revolts weakened the Qing Dynasty.

18. Tokugawa Shoguns in Japan

19. Founding the Tokugawa Shogunate
Ashikaga family became involved in dispute over selection of shogun.
Leads to 100 years of bitter, widespread, and almost constant warfare in Japan.
Oda Nobunaga
Rise to power as:
Minor Daimyo
Through conquests and alliances
Captured city of Kyoto.
Strengthened his power in Central Japan.
Before defeating his rivals, vassals attacked him leading him to
Suicide

20. Toyotomi Hideyoshi Successor of Nobunaga Established capital at
Edo, which is now the city of Tokyo
Crushed his defeated rivals
Allowed some to:
Keep their private lands.
He was prepared to expand or reduce the size of their territories.
The Tokugawa family would keep the title of shogun for:
More than 250 years.
Established a government
Tokugawa shogunate

21. Tokugawa Rule Political system was a cross between
Feudalism and a central monarchy
Daimyo governed as an:
Almost absolute ruler
Local peasants paid taxes to support daimyo and supporters:
Such as the samurai
Military Power: considerable influence over the daimyo.
Daimyo had to spend every other year in Edo leaving:
Their families as hostages
Led to having two residents
One in Edo and one in the provinces.
Living in Edo drained
Financial resources
Made warriors into courtiers.

22. Foreign Contact Brought two items new to Japan:
The Portuguese in Japan
Brought two items new to Japan:
Muskets and Christianity
Some samurai did not approve of musket because:
Violated traditional fighting ethic (Skill).
Jesuits:
Concentrated on converting the Daimyo to Christianity.
Missionaries converted 300,000 Japanese to Christianity.
Closing the Century
Toguns saw Christianity as a threat
Taught loyalty to power other than Tokugawa
Made Portuguese missionaries to leave country
Dutch traders accepted trade relationship with Tokugawa.
Togugawa banned overseas trade.
Prohibited from traveling abroad.

23. Social Class
Warrior class filled the same role as scholar-gentry in China.
Samurai stood at the top of Japanese social order.
Person’s social class was determined by:
Birth/son followed occupations of fathers.
Samurai stood at top of social order
Peasants, artisans, and merchants followed
Shoguns established schools to prepare:
Samurai for peacetime roles
Low ranking samurai-low rank official
High ranking samurai-high rank official
Change in Culture
Internal trade expanded
Specialization in certain crops in certain parts of country
Cities grew in size

24. End of Japan’s Isolation
President Fillmore sent Commodore
Matthew Perry and powerful navy force to Japan.
Perry was to negotiate treaty that would:
Guarantee safety of U.S. sailors and open Japanese ports to US trade.
Shogun agreed to negotiate when Perry returned the next year.
Treaty of Kanagawa
Open two ports that led Americans to obtain:
Fuel, shelter, and supplies
Led to trade among the two nations.
Within two years, Japan signed similar treaties with:
Great Britain, Netherlands, and Russia.
Consulates were established
Diplomatic offices headed by consuls.
US and Japan signed new treaty
Exchange ministers
Allowed foreign residence in Edo and Osaka