The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

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The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography Chapter 3: Migration The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

Chapter 3: Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migrating Distance of migration Characteristics of Migrants

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? A type of mobility Migration is a permanent move to a new location Migration = relocation diffusion Emigration To leave a place (think “Exit”) Immigration To come to a new place (Think “In”) Net Migration The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants If the number coming in is greater, it is “positive” or Net in-migration If the number going out is greater, it is “negative” or Net out-migration

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration Most people migrate for economic reasons Push and pull factors Economic: people move away from places with poor economic opportunities and toward places with better ones Cultural factors Forced migration (e.g., slavery, refugees) Political factors Environmental factors Pulled towards physically attractive regions Pushed from Hazardous regions, or adverse physical conditions These come with intervening obstacles Historically these are environmental With availability of transportation these obstacles are minimized

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? Lee’s Model of Migration Every Place has both push and pull factors These factors are subjective and dependent on the needs and interests of individuals Theoretical version of the model - Push factors + Pull factors

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? Lee’s Model of Migration What it might actually look like Origin Push Low Wages Political and civil strife Limited opportunities Pull Family Culture Intervening Obstacles Lack of money Distance Fear Physical barriers Destination Pull Higher Wages More job opportunities Education Push Language Barrier No Documents Intervening Opportunities Jobs Common Language A person must decide if the pull factors outweigh the push factors

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? E.G. Ravenstein: During the late 19th Century wrote Eleven migration laws to be applied to migration studies Laws can be organized into 3 questions Why do migrants move? What is the distance migrants typically move? What are the characteristics of migrants?

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration Internal migration: Permanent movement within the same country Two types: Interregional migration = movement from one region to another Intraregional migration = movement within a region Historically intraregional migration has been from rural to urban areas in search of jobs (After Civil War the exodus from the southern states to the north) In recent years, migration from urban areas to attractive rural and suburban areas Most migrants move only a short distance (step migration) Step Migration: When a person has a long distance goal in mind and achieves it in small steps over time Each migration stream produces a compensating counter-stream The out-migration of Jews form Nazi Germany has a small counter-stream back into Germany because of their capture and forced return by Nazi officials Young Chinese men migrate to cities from rural villages only to return home after giving city life a try

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration International migration Two types: Voluntary Economic push/pull factors usually induce voluntary international migration Forced Cultural push/pull factors usually induce forced international migration Migration transition International migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? Refugees: Statistics • There are approximately 10.6 million refugees in the world today. • There are approximately 25.8 million internally displaced people world wide (600,000 were displaced after Hurricane Katrina, 2005). • 80% of the internally displaced people are women and children. • 44% of refugees and internally displaced people are under the age of 18. • 6% of refugees and internally displaced people are 60 years of age or older. • Of all western countries, the United States accepted the highest number of refugees in 2004,approximately 244,200. • In 2004 3 million people, 8,000 people per day, left their homes to seek safety in another country.

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? What is a Refugee? People who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution Individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety or asylum from persecution, usually cultural. Political conditions can also operated as pull factors, especially the lure of freedom. Considered a form of forced migration

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? Where do we find refugees? Most refugees live in Asia and Africa Iran (1,355,000) Pakistan (1,219,000) The Gaza Strip (923,000) The West Bank (665,000) Syria (497,000) Tanzania (480,000) Thailand (405,000)

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? 20th Century Instability Forced international migration increased because of political instability resulting from cultural diversity With democracy on the rise in Eastern Europe during the 1990s, Western Europe’s political pull has disappeared as a migration factor. Western Europe pulls an increasing number of migrants from Eastern Europe for economic reasons. Post 9/11 many MDCs have tightened their borders to refugees due to safety concerns. In many African countries, there are refugees fleeing from and to the same country for different reasons. Ex. Sudan

Changes in Refugee Populations

Refugees: Sources and Destinations Figure 3-2

Migration Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants Gender Traditionally, males outnumbered females Searching for work because they are more likely to be the primary supporter In the United States today, 55 % of immigrants = female Family status In the United States today, about 40 % of immigrants = young adults, aged 25–39 Families are less like to migrate than individuals Immigrants are less likely to be elderly people: 5% over age 65 Rural residents are more likely to migrate than urban residents True in Ravenstein’s time because of the Industrial Revolution Still true in many developing countries Counter-urbanization is a trend in the US where city dwellers are leaving crowded urban areas for suburbs and rural areas.

Migration from Rural to Urban Areas

Chapter 3: Migration Key Issue 2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? Global migration patterns U.S. Immigration patterns Impacts of Immigration on the U.S.

Migration: Key Issue 2: Where Are Migrants Distributed Global migration patterns Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania The United States has the largest foreign-born population of any other country The Global pattern reflects the importance of migration from LDCs to MDCs. Migrants from countries with relatively low incomes and high natural increase rates head for countries where job possibilities are brighter

Net Migration by Country Figure 3-7

Migration: Key Issue 2: Where Are Migrants Distributed U.S. migration patterns Three main eras of migration Colonial migration from England and Africa Europeans came as migrants and colonists, Africans came in a “forced Migration” as slaves 90% of Europeans came from Great Britain In 1808 the importation of slaves was made illegal, but another 250, 000 Africans were brought to the U.S. illegally over the next half century Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe Germany sent the largest number of immigrants: 7.2 million, Italy: 5.4 million, UK: 5.3 million, Ireland: 4.8 million, Russia: 4.1 million ¼ of Americans trace their ancestry to German immigrants, 1/8 each to Irish and British immigrants Recent immigration from LDCs Asia: Three leading sources are China, India, the Philippines Latin America

Migration to the United States Figure 3-8

Migration to the United States from Latin America Figure 3-9

Migration: Key Issue 2: Where Are Migrants Distributed Impact of immigration on the United States Legacy of European migration Europe’s demographic transition Stage 2 growth pushed Europeans out 65 million Europeans emigrate Diffusion of European culture Indo-European Languages are now spoken by half the world’s people Christianity, Europe’s most prevalent religion has the world’s largest number of adherents European art, music, literature, philosophy and ethics have diffused throughout the world European Political structures and economic systems have diffused around the globe Europeans migrating to areas where they imposed political domination on indigenous populations sowed the seeds of discontent

Migration: Key Issue 2: Where Are Migrants Distributed Impact of immigration on the United States Unauthorized immigration 2008 = estimated 11.9 million unauthorized/ undocumented immigrants About 5.4 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force Around 59 percent are undocumented immigrants from Mexico Chain Migration – Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Migration: Key Issue 2: Where Are Migrants Distributed: US States and Destinations California = 1/5 of all immigrants and 1/4 of undocumented immigrants; New York = 1/6 of all immigrants

Chapter 3: Migration Key Issue 3: Why Do Migrants face Obstacles? Immigration policies of host countries Cultural challenges faced while living in other countries

Migration: Key Issue 3: Why do migrants face obstacles Immigration policies of host countries U.S. quota laws: Public Policy enacted to control the migrant streams from different countries. These acts were modified over time, and did not affect the status of refugees seeking asylum. The Quota Act (1921) The law established quotas, maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate from each country in a one year period The National Origins Act (1924) Limited the number of Asians migrating to the US Temporary migration for work Guest workers in Europe Time-contract workers in Asia

Migration: Key Issue 3: Why do migrants face obstacles Distinguishing economic migrants from refugees Emigrants from Cuba The U.S. regarded people fleeing from Communist Cuba after 1959 when Fidel Castro came to power as political refugees. 600.000 Cuban immigrants were admitted to the U.S. with the majority of them settling in Florida Emigrants from Haiti In 1980 people where seeking political asylum from the dictatorship of Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) and his son, John-Claude Duvalier (Baby Doc). The U.S. wouldn’t let them in because the trade status was different with Haiti than Cuba Emigrants from Vietnam Vietnamese War ended in 1975; the U.S. withdrew troops from South Vietnam. Many South Vietnamese fled to the U.S., seeking political asylum from the incoming Communist regime that overtook the country from the north. Another wave of Southeast Asians came during more regional political upheaval in 1980. These people escaped to freedom however they could, and were known as “Boat People”

Migration: Key Issue 3: Why do migrants face obstacles Cultural problems faced while living in host countries U.S. attitudes towards immigrants Citizens of the U.S. have traditionally been suspicious of newcomers Through the 19th Century, people from Western Europe were more welcome and assimilated more quickly into the landscape During the early 20th Century, immigrants arriving from Eastern Europe were treated with suspicion and were often accused of “stealing work” from Citizens Eastern Europeans also were treated with contempt because of some of their political ideologies and religious practices. Current discrimination includes California refusing basic services to illegal immigrants, although that has bee hard to uphold due to the questionable Constitutionality of the ruling Attitudes toward guest workers Both European host countries and visiting guest workers consider the employment arrangement temporary. Most guest workers are young men and, regularly send most of the money they earn, home to their families. Accommodations for guest workers are usually poor Citizens of host countries regularly vote down referendums that would provide improvements for the living conditions of guest workers

Chapter 3: Migration Key Issue 4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Migration between regions of a country Migration within one region

Migration: Key Issue 4: Why Do People Migrate within a Country? Migration between regions of a country U.S. settlement patterns Colonial settlement Along the Eastern Seaboard. Population Center was in the Chesapeake bay in Maryland Access to shipping routes and easier trade kept people along the coast Early settlement in the interior (early 1800s) The development of the canal system allowed for easier travel towards the interior of N. America Center of population was in Weston, VA, 20 miles west from where it had been California Discovery of Gold in 1849 in California sent settlers west and moved the center of Population to Greensburg, Indiana Great Plains settlement Settlers moved across the Great Plains on their way to Oregon Territory. Many of them stopped and settled along the route Recent growth of the South Americans migrated South primarily for work

U.S. Interregional Migration Figure 3-17

Changing Center of the U.S. Population Figure 3-16

Migration: Key Issue 4: Why Do People Migrate within a Country? Migration between regions of other countries Russia Important to developing and controlling the former Soviet Union by building factories and other work related sites throughout the country Komsomol: brigades of young volunteers sent to regions to work on projects Government incentives in Brazil and Indonesia Most people live along the coast of Brazil. To increase the attractiveness of living in the interior, Brazil relocated its capital, Rio de Janeiro, to Brasilia in 1960. People encouraged to live move to islands other than Java. Economic migration within European countries With the collapse of the Communist Bloc countries of Southern and Eastern Europe, there has been a steady stream of people relocating to the North and West

Migration in Europe Figure 3-20

Migration: Key Issue 4: Why Do People Migrate within a Country? Intraregional migration in the United States Migration from rural to urban areas Primary reason = People are pulled for economic reasons; more job opportunities exist in cities Migration from urban to suburban areas Primary reason = People are pulled to the suburban lifestyle Migration from urban to rural areas Counter-urbanization has come about as communication and transportation has evolved. It is possible to live in the country and still work at employment somewhere else.

Intraregional Migration in the United States Figure 3-21

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