The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography Chapter 3: Migration The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

Warm Up With a teammate, LIST the reasons people would migrate from one place to another.

Push/Pull Factors Push Factors Pull Factors Not enough jobs Job opportunities Few opportunities Better living conditions Primitive conditions Political and/or religious freedom Desertification Enjoyment Famine or drought Education Political fear or persecution Better medical care Slavery or forced labor Attractive climates Poor medical care Security Loss of wealth Family links Natural disasters Industry Death threats Better chances of marrying Lack of political or religious freedom Pollution Poor housing Landlord/tenant issues Bullying Discrimination Poor chances of marrying Condemned Housing (Radon Gas etc.) War/Civil War

Migration A type of mobility Emigration Immigration Migration is a permanent move to a new location Migration = relocation diffusion Emigration Immigration

Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration Most people migrate for economic reasons Push and pull factors Economic: people move away from places with poor economic opportunities and toward places with better ones Cultural factors Forced migration (e.g., slavery, refugees) Political factors Environmental factors

Refugees: Sources and Destinations Figure 3-2

Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration Push and pull factors Intervening obstacles Historically, intervening obstacles = environmental Today, often political boundaries and laws Transportation technology = limited environmental intervening obstacles Intervening opportunities Along the way people do not make it to their planned destination as they often find other “opportunities” – Jobs Love?

Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration Internal migration Two types: Interregional migration = movement from one region to another Intraregional migration = movement within a region

Why Do People Migrate? Distance of migration International migration Two types: Voluntary Forced Migration transition International migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

Global Migration Patterns Figure 3-5

Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants Most long-distance migrants are Male Adults Individuals Families with children = less common

Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants Gender Traditionally, males outnumbered females In the United States today, 55 percent of immigrants = female Family status In the United States today, about 40 percent of immigrants = young adults, aged 25–39

Where Are Migrants Distributed? Key Issue #2

Where Are Migrants Distributed? Global migration patterns Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania The United States has the largest foreign-born population As of 2006, the United States accepts more legal immigrants as permanent residents than all other countries in the world combined

Net Migration by Country Figure 3-7

Where Are Migrants Distributed? U.S. migration patterns Three main eras of migration 1600-1700s Colonial migration from England (2 mil) and Africa (400K) Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe 1840s and 1850s: Primarily from Ireland and Germany 1880s and 1890s: Primarily NORTHERN AND WESTERN Europe, including Norway and Sweden, as well as Germany and Ireland 1900-1910s: Primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italy and Russia Recent immigration from LDCs (1960s-today) Latin America (13-25 million) Asia (7-10 million) Why?

Migration to the United States Northern and Western Europe Figure 3-8

Legal Migration to the United States from Latin America 2008 statistics (low end) Figure 3-9

Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of immigration on the United States Legacy of European migration Europe’s demographic transition Stage 2 growth pushed Europeans out…WHY? 65 million Europeans emigrate Diffusion of European culture – eventually assimilated (melting pot)

Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of immigration on the United States Unauthorized immigration 2008 = estimated at least 11.9 million unauthorized/ undocumented/illegal immigrants in the U.S. (Pew Research) 2007 Immigration Policy Center lists 18.1 million About 5.4 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force Around 59 percent are undocumented/illegal immigrants from Mexico 2000 mile long border BORDER

Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of immigration on the United States Destinations California = one-fifth of all immigrants and one-fourth of undocumented/illegal immigrants New York = one-sixth of all immigrants Chain migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously moved there.

Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Key Issue #3

Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Immigration policies of host countries U.S. quota laws – limit amount from each country each year The Quota Act (1921) and The National Origins Act (1924) – For each country that had native-born persons already living in the U.S., 2% of their number could immigrate each year. Where would most immigrants therefore come from??? Ethnic Quotas for individual countries removed in 1965 Temporary migration for work Guest workers Time-contract workers

Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Distinguishing economic migrants from refugees Emigrants from Cuba Emigrants from Haiti Emigrants from Vietnam

Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Key Issue #4

Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Migration between regions of a country U.S. settlement patterns Colonial settlement Early settlement in the interior (early 1800s) California Gold Rush in the 1840s Great Plains settlement Recent growth of the South

Changing Center of the U.S. Population Figure 3-16

U.S. Interregional Migration Figure 3-17

Migration in Europe Figure 3-20

Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Intraregional migration in the United States Migration from rural to urban areas Primary reason = economic migration Migration from urban to suburban areas Primary reason = suburban lifestyle Migration from urban to rural areas Counterurbanization

Intraregional Migration in the United States Figure 3-21

Ravenstein’s 11 Laws of Migration The majority of migrants go only a short distance. Migration proceeds step by step. There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force is spent. Migrants going long distances generally go by preference to one of the great centers of commerce or industry. Each current of migration produces a compensating counter-current. Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas. Females are more migratory than males within the kingdom of their birth, but males more frequently venture beyond. Most migrants are adults: families rarely migrate out of their country of birth. Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase. Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improves. The major direction of migration is from the agricultural areas to the centers of industry and commerce. The major causes of migration are economic.

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