The Civil War

Causes Economic differences – sectional rivalry on slavery and the protective tariff Different beliefs about the type of union of the country

Election of Lincoln as President Struggle over control of the central government Way of living

Slavery Involved individual freedom and democratic beliefs The South – important The North – immoral New states free or not??

Missouri Compromise 1820 House of Reps voted to gradually end slavery The North had a larger population and the South was losing power

Admission of Missouri as a free state – upset the balance of 11 free and 11 slave states The South would have a minority in both houses

Compromise – Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to keep the balance A boundary at the 36º30´ parallel To the north – only free states To the south – slave states

Compromise of 1850 California – free state 15 free and 15 slave states The South - running out of territory Afraid of becoming a permanent minority

California – free state the Mexican Cession -Texas, the territory from the border of the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean and the province of New Mexico – free or slave states

Popular sovereignty Abolished the slave trade but not slavery in the District of Columbia Fugitive Slave Law

Suspects had no right to: - testify - have a jury (runaway slaves) No balancing slave state- permanent majority of free states in the Senate

The abolitionists Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator Frederick Douglass

Popular sovereignty to keep the balance between free and slave states Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Problem – both were north of the boundary

Slave owners and abolitionists rushed to settle these states Attmpted to frighten the others away Violent acts on both sides Bleeding Kansas

John Brown’s Raid Surprise attack on five pro- slavery men in Kansas Beginning of the Republican Party No slavery in the new territories

Party founded in 1854 The Dred Scott case

Economic differences The South – agricultural The North – industry Problem: - the North had a larger population - the protective tariff

The South – pay tariffs to buy goods from Europe or buy the higher priced U.S. product The feeling of the North trying to grow and keep the South from growing

Type of Union The North – creation of the people, states cannot secede The South – agreement between the states, right to obey the law or secede

The North – had more political power Could pass laws that the South might not like and would ignore them

Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln Republican Party Opposed slavery The South feared losing economic/political independence

South Carolina seceded 4 days after the election Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis

Lincoln – secession illegal Refused to begin a war BUT promised to defend all federal property First shots by South Carolinians when Lincoln tried to send supplies to Fort Sumter

The South: - all in one geographic area - defensive war - no long supply/communication lines - Robert E. Lee, Thomas J. Jackson

The North: - control of 2/3 of the states - population more than double - able to build weapons etc - almost all the railway lines - country’s financial resources

Bloody, bitter and long struggle a stalemate in the east First battle at Bull Run Confederate’s Army of Northern Virginia defeated the Union’s Army of the Potomac

The South – overconfident The North – prepare for a long and difficult war The Confederates won several battles in the East Main reason – fine generals

The turning point – invasion of Maryland Battle at Antietam In the West – the North successful General Ulysses S. Grant

Capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in 1862 Unconditional and immediate surrender Shiloh 1862, Vicksburg 1863, Lookout Mountain late 1863

General William Tecumseh Sherman Brutality “War.... is all hell.” Help break the southern spirit

General Grant – in the East July 1863 – Gettysburg – decisive victory for the North 3 days Lincoln’s speech – the Gettysburg Address

Grant/Lee Spring of 1865 – Grant captures the confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia Appomattox Court House, Virginia

“The rebels are our countrymen again”

The Emancipation Proclamation 1863 All slaves still under Confederate control were free

Also inspire the North to: - help in the moral cause - weaken the southern war effort - discourage foreign intervention Provided the basis for freeing all the slaves

Abraham Lincoln Against slavery Pro-slavery groups – slavery wrong Anti-slavery – allowed slavery to exist Freed slaves to to save the Union

Abraham Lincoln Extended his powers by doing so Also by limiting freedom of the press Inspired the troops and the people Gettysburg Address

Make sure that “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” Wanted to help reunite the country

Abraham Lincoln Died 5 days after the end of the war Assassinated by a pro-southern actor John Wilkes Booth Mourned by North and South alike

Reconstruction Controversies Lincoln – reunite the North and South on the North’s terms Radical Republicans – punish Andrew Johnson

Allow southern states to re- establish gov-s when 10 percent of the population had taken an oath of allegiance (promise of loyalty) to the U.S.

Congress – NO New Congressmen from the South were not recognized by the RRs Rejected the plan

The South – ratify the 14th amendment and guarantee suffrage to blacks Only Tennessee complied Others – divided into 5 military districts with a Union general leading each one

Many whites lost their right to vote In the South – the blacks had some political power Federal laws and Constitutional amendments to help the ex- slaves adjust

The 13th amendment abolished slavery Ratified 8 months after the end of the war The 14th amendment – all blacks citizens,less reps for the states that deny their voting right

The 15th amendment – blacks given the right to vote Freedmen’s Bureau Help in obtaining food, housing, education Nationalism over sectionalism