Where are Migrants Distributed Chapter 3 Key Issue 2 Where are Migrants Distributed

Key Issue 2 Global migration patterns US immigration patterns Impact of immigration on the US

Global Migration Patterns Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

Global Migration Patterns Net out-migration Asia Latin America Africa Net in-migration North America Europe Oceania

Largest flow of migrants Asia  Europe Asia  North America Latin America  North America Migration from less developed countries to more developed countries Low incomes  wealthy countries

More than ½ from Latin America About ¼ from Asia United States 35 million immigrants, 12% of population More than ½ from Latin America ½ from Mexico About ¼ from Asia Canada: 1/6 of population are immigrants Australia: ¼ of population are immigrants

Middle East Highest percentage of immigrants Petroleum exporting countries UAE: 74% Kuwait: 68%

Net Migration (per population) Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

US Immigration Patterns 70 million have immigrated to US since 1820 (30 million alive today) 3 main eras of immigration Settlement of the colonies Mid-19th/20th centuries 1970s to today

US Immigration Patterns 1st Era: Settlement of the colonies English & African 2nd Era: Mid 19th/20th Centuries European 3rd Era: 1970s to today ¾ from Latin America & Asia

Colonial Immigration from England and Africa Africans Forced to migrate as slaves 400,000 slaves to the 13 colonies Europeans, 90% British Voluntary migrants 1 million prior to independence

19th Century Immigration 40 million (of 65 million) Europeans migrated to the US Other destinations: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, southern Africa, southern South America US offered economic success Germany: 7.2 million Italy: 5.4 million UK: 5.3 million

Immigrants to the US

First Peak of European Immigration 1840s and 1850s 95% came from North & West Europe Economic push factors

Second Peak of European Immigration 1860s: declined b/c Civil War (1861-65) 1880s From North & West Europe Especially Norway & Sweden Industrial Revolution/Stage 2 Population growing rapidly Search of farm land/jobs

Third Peak of European Immigration 1900 90% were European Shift of country of origin Italy, Russia & Austria-Hungary Diffusion of the Ind.Rev/Stage 2 Population grew from technology & heath care

Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

Recent Immigration from Less Developed Region Immigration dropped in 1930s/1940s Great Depression & World War II Immigration increased during 1950s, 60s, 70s Latin America & Asia

Immigration from Asia Leading source of immigrants in 1970s 2/3 of Asian immigrants are from: China Philippines India Vietnam Asians comprise +40% of Canada’s immigrants

Migration from Asia to the U.S. Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

Immigration from Latin America Mexico sent most amount of immigrants to the US Dominican Republic: 2nd highest source of immigrants from Latin America El Salvador: 3rd highest from Latin America

Migration from Latin America to the U.S. Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

Immigration from Latin America 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act Issued visas to several hundred thousand people who entered US without legal documents 1990: admitted 1.5 million 1991: admitted 1.8 million

Undocumented Immigrants in the US Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.

Reasons for Migrating to US Europe to Asian to Latin America Pushed by poor conditions at home Lured by economic opportunity

Impact of Immigration on the United States Europe’s demographic transition Population growth fueled emigration European governments promoted more efficient agriculture Enclosure movement Consolidated small family farms into large units Forced millions to emigrate to rural areas in cities or to US farmlands

Diffusion of European Culture Europeans brought their cultural heritage to US Imposed politics & culture on existing populations Language Religion: Christianity Art, music, literature, philosophy & ethics Political & economic systems

Diffusion of European Culture Latin America & Asia Europeans established plantations Products sold back to Europe Workers were native Helped European countries Boundaries drawn in Africa Resulting in current conflicts in Africa

Undocumented Immigration to the United States Quotas prevent many from entering the US Illegal immigration Undocumented immigrants Exact number unknown 2005: est 9.3 million total in US Mexico: 5.3 million Other Latin America: 2.2 million Asia: 1 million

Undocumented Immigration Primary reason: work Approx. 75% are employed 5% of labor force in US Farming Cleaning Construction Food prep

Approx. half enter as students or tourists Remaining half sneak across border 2,000 mile US-Mexico border El Paso, TX & San Diego, CA Heavily guarded borders

U.S. - Mexico Border at Tijuana The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

Undocumented Immigration 1.3 million undocumented apprehended each year 90% are Mexican Escorted out of country Many return again

Undocumented Immigration Americans divided on the issue Help or hurt the economy Discuss with a partner

1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act 5 years residency  citizenship Many feared deportation if application was rejected Law discouraged illegal immigration Employers must verify legality of workers Fine/imprisonment

Destination of Immigrants within the United States More than ½ are clustered in 4 states Proximity important for many immigrants California, New York, Florida & Texas Mexicans California, Texas, Illinois Caribbean New York, Florida Chinese & Indians  New York, California

U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

Chain Migration Immigrants cluster in communities where people from same country previously settled Job Prospects Northeast & Midwest Industrial jobs: meatpacking, food processing

Read p.96 Undocumented Immigration Viewed from the Mexican Side