1. Routes of Human Mobility

2. Global Immigration Patterns NET OUT-MIGRATION Asia Latin America Africa NET IN-MIGRATION North America Europe Oceania The global pattern reflects the importance of migration from less developed countries to more developed countries.

3. Global Immigration Patterns The population of the US includes about 30 million immigrants. Largest number of immigrants in the world but a smaller percentage - 1/10 th of total population ½ Latin America »More than 1/2 are from Mexico ¼ Asia ¼ Europe Australia – 1/4 th of total population Canada – 1/6 th of total population Highest percentage of immigrants can be found in the Middle East – approx. ½ of the total population

4. US Immigration Patterns About 70 million people have migrated to the United States since 1820. (30 million currently alive) The US has had three main eras in immigration – and has drawn from areas all over the globe.

5. Colonial Immigration from England & Africa Immigration to the American colonies and the newly independent United States came from two sources: Europe & Africa. Most of the Africans were forced to migrate to the U.S. as slaves. Approx. 650,000 to “USA” Most Europeans were voluntary migrants – although harsh economic conditions and persecution in Europe blurred the distinction between forced & voluntary migration for many Europeans. 1 million before Independence 1 million between 1776-1840 90% Great Britain 10% Dutch, Swedes, French, Germans, Swiss, Spanish, Portuguese

6. 19 th & early 20 th Century European Immigration to the United States In the 500 years since Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain to the Western Hemisphere, about 65 million Europeans have migrated to other continents. For 40 million of them the destination was the United States. There are three peaks of European Immigration

7. First Peak of European Immigration 1607–1840 – 2 million (90% Great Britain) ___________________________ 1840-1860 – 4 million 90% came from Northern & Western Europe 2/5 th Ireland – economic 1/3 rd Germany – economic & political Immigration declined during the 1860s

8. Second Peak of European Immigration 1870-1890 – ½ million annually Again, more than 3/4 th came from Northern and Western Europe. Germans & Irish Scandinavian countries »Entered into stage 2 of the demographic transition due to the Industrial Revolution – too many people, not enough opportunities Economic problems in the US discouraged immigration in the 1890s

9. Third Peak of European Immigration 1900-1920s – approx. 1 million annually Southern & Eastern Europe Most came from countries that previously had sent few people. 1/4 th from Italy, Russia, & Austria-Hungary The shift coincided with the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution…to southern & eastern Europe 1910 – 13 million US residents were either foreign born or had at least one foreign-born parent 14% of the 92 million Americans at the time

11. Recent Immigration from Less Developed Regions Immigration to the United States dropped sharply in the 1930s and 1940s, during the Great Depression and World War II Steadily increased in the 50s, 60s, & 70s Surged to historically high levels during the 80s, 90s, 00s

12. Immigration from Asia 1800s-1960s – only 1 million 1970s-today – over 7 million Asia was the leading source of immigrants between the late 1970s and the late 1980s until overtaken by Latin America Four leading Asian sources today China Philippines India Vietnam

13. Immigration from Latin America 1820-1860 – approx. 2 million 1960-2000 – approx. 11 million 1960s – began entering Stages 2 & 3 Pushed by poor economic conditions Lured by economic opportunity & social advancement Mexico passed Germany during the 1980s as the country that has sent to the United States the most immigrants ever, currently more than 8 million – legal

14. Internal US Migration

15. Colonial Times Few colonists ventured far from coastal locations because they depended on shipping links with Europe to receive products and to export raw materials Hindered by intervening obstacles Appalachian Mountains Hostile Indigenous residents (Indians)

16. Internal US Migration Early Settlement in the Interior Encouraged by the opportunity to obtain a large amount of land at a low price, people moved into river valleys and fertile level lowlands as far west as the Mississippi R. Transportation improvements helped to open the interior –Erie Canal The diffusion of steam powered boats further speeded water travel.

17. Internal US Migration Early Settlement in the Interior The population center shifted west rapidly because most western pioneers during the mid nineteenth century passed through the interior of the country on their way to California Westward advancement of settlement stopped at the 98 th meridian Maps labeled the region west of the 98 th meridian as the Great American Desert. (Great Plains) No trees and little rainfall Ironically, this is one of the world’s richest farming areas

18. Internal US Migration Settlement of the Great Plains The US population center continued to migrate westward but at a much slower pace after 1880 Large scale migration to the East Coast by immigrants offset some of the westward migration It also slowed down as people began to fill in the area between the 98 th meridian and California The Railroad created towns between destinations Omaha, Kansas City, Salt Lake City, Denver Someone had to live and work there Realization of the fertile soil In 1980 the Center of US Population jumped west of the Mississippi River for the 1 st time.

19. Internal US Migration Recent Growth of the South SUNBELT During the 1990s, for the first time more Americans moved out of the West than into the West. Americans are now migrating into the South Economic opportunities Environmental Reasons Interregional migration has slowed in the 21 st Century.

20. African American Internal Migration From 1890 – 1960 approximately seven million African Americans migrated from the South to the North, Midwest and West. –Migrated to Escape Racism Seek Employment in Industrial Cities Get a better Education (self/family) Since 1970 the trend has reversed. De-industrialization of northern cities Growth of jobs in the “New South” Improving race relations

21. Intraregional Migration in the U.S. Far more people move within the same region, which is known as intraregional migration. Less than 5 percent of the world’s people lived in urban areas in 1800, compared to 50 percent today.

22. Urban vs. Rural Urbanization—is the growth of city populations and the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. Urbanization began in the 1800s in the countries of Europe and North America that were undergoing rapid industrial development. Migrations from rural to urban areas has skyrocketed in recent years in the less developed countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

23. Urban vs. Rural In more developed countries, most intraregional migration is from central cities out to the suburbs. As a result of suburbanization, the territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded. URBAN SPRAWL

24. Problems Associated with Growth of Urban Areas Transportation problems Rich/Poor neighborhoods—isolated from one another Providing essential services (fresh water, sewage, disposal, electricity, schools, clinics) becomes a problem Air, water, and noise pollution increase Sprawl results Rapid Immigration leads to Shantytowns In Developing countries, major cities are more connected to regions outside the country than to regions within the country

25. Counter-urbanization During the late 20 th Century – the more developed countries witnessed a new trend as more people immigrated into rural areas than emigrated out of them – Counter-urbanization Like suburbanization, people move for lifestyle reasons. Many migrants are retired people

26. Why Do People Migrate Within other Countries? –Russia Komsomol –Government incentives in Brazil and Indonesia –Economic migration within European countries –Restricted migration in India

27. Migration in Europe Figure 3-20