Unit 5: The Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877) The Reconstruction of the United States (1865-1877)

President Lincoln’s Wartime Strategies as Preserver of the Union 1. Fort Sumter President Buchanan attempted to resupply the fort & failed; Lincoln decided to resupply & told Major Anderson to hold it. CSA took the fort and started the war. 2. Political Dissention Lincoln appointed political rivals to Cabinet posts; Copperhead leader Clement Vallandigham arrested & deported to CSA; Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus; formed Union Party in 1864 with Andrew Johnson (TN-D) to show unity 3. Military Strategies Anaconda Plan to blockade CSA; Admiral Farragut took New Orleans and Baton Rouge on MS River; 6 Generals before Grant; Grant, Sherman, & other generals used Total War to crush CSA 4. Emancipation Proclamation Part of Total War strategy to deprive CSA of labor; contraband (escaped slaves) used to labor for Union Army; 54th MA Division first of 180,000 black troops to serve in Union Army; Emancipation Proclamation & Gettysburg Address redefined purpose of war. 5. Economic Policies Homestead Act of 1862 – westward settlement (free land) to produce food for war; Pacific Railway Act of 1862– transcontinental RR from Omaha, NE to Sacramento, CA; Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 raised taxes on imports, but did not completely finance war; National Banking Acts of 1863 & 1864 returned US to a system of national banks (similar to 1st & 2nd Bank of the US) to strengthen our currency & allow government to inspect and regulate chartered national banks. The US was #3 industrialized nation at war’s end. 6. Reconstruction Plans Mild & forgiving plan for Reconstruction; 10% Plan – 10% of voters in CSA had to re-pledge allegiance to the Union; no pardons for high-ranking CSA officials; 13th Amendment to abolish slavery was on its way to states by end of Civil War.

Daily Learning Targets I can describe and evaluate the impact of the three different Reconstruction plans and their social, economic, and political impact on the United States. I can describe the provisions and immediate impact of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. I can describe and analyze the immediate and long-term effects of Reconstruction on African Americans and the nation as a whole.

The Reconstruction (1865-1877) The Reconstruction was the U.S. government’s controversial effort to restore the defeated Southern States to the Union after the Civil War.

The War’s Aftermath! Richmond, Virginia (1865) 2/3 Southern Shipping in ruins? Cities, farms, factories, homes destroyed? Unemployment was rampant? What to do about the seceded states? How do they re-enter the Union? What is the future of the nearly 4 million newly freed ex-slaves (freedmen)? Are freedmen to be given equal rights to white Americans? What is to be done with the millions who supported the Confederacy? What about Confederate leaders?

Three Reconstruction Plans 1. President Lincoln’s Plan 2. President Andrew Johnson’s Plan 3. Congress’s Plan Which plan would the U.S. follow?

The Freedman’s Bureau By Congress-March 1865 – 1872 1st federal relief agency in U.S. history Clothing, Medicine, & Meals to ex-slaves 250,000 plus blacks received first education at Freedman’s Bureau schools The question of land?

President Lincoln’s Plan “Malice toward none” – his plan was lenient & forgiving; Goal = to “Bind the nation’s wounds.” Called the Ten Percent Plan 1. 10% Voters in CSA states had to re-pledge loyalty to Union 2. Next states had to write new constitutions that abolished slavery (13 Amendment is on its way to the states) 3. Gave pardons to ex-Confederates. Denied pardons for high-ranking military and government officials. 4. No voting rights for blacks or readmission to the Union. Why? After these were complete, they could hold elections and participate in the Union again.

Lincoln is Assassinated! John Wilkes Booth, an actor, originally plotted to kidnap Lincoln and others Also targeted were VP Andrew Johnson & Sec. State William H. Seward April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theatre Booth murders Lincoln Booth is killed 12 days later near Port Royal, VA by a Union soldier 4/10 co-conspirators were hanged

John Wilkes Booth

Lincoln Conspirators Executions

President Johnson’s Plan                                                                     He was a Democrat from TN, , ex-SEN, VP he hated rich slave owners, but once owned slaves; he took office when Congress was out of session and enacted his own plan. 1. Southerners pardoned when they re-pledged allegiance to Union 2. States could write new constitutions without Lincoln’s 10% 3. 13th Amendment- abolished slavery & states had to void secession 4. Amnesty to high-ranking CSA officials who asked him personally by letter unlike Lincoln’s Plan Lenient like Lincoln’s Plan, but more generous. He pardoned 13,000 in 1865 alone!

President Johnson and Republican Congress at Odds! During Johnson’s 1st 8 months in office southern states were readmitted one by one. Southern states were quick to pass Black Codes – laws that restricted the rights of freedmen (curfews, labor contracts, no firearms, interracial marriage, etc.) Johnson, a Southerner, supported States’ Rights so he didn’t intervene. Although it would mean no vote or rights for African Americans Congress blamed Johnson for the Democrats quick return to power in the South and failure to protect Blacks. Furthermore, they despised his policies because he lacked a mandate or voter approval to govern.

Radical Republican/ Congressional Plan for Reconstruction RR’s were different from most moderate Republicans because they favored full equality for Blacks and punishing the Confederacy for the Civil War. 1866 – Congress passed the Civil Rights Act which outlawed black codes Johnson vetoed it and Congress overrode it Congress then passed the 14th Amendment which gave citizenship and equal protection under the law to African-Americans. Charles Sumner (MA) Senate Thaddeus Stevens (PA) House of Reps

“Crimes Against Kansas Speech” (1856)

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 (Radical Republican Plan) Johnson’s opposition to the 14th Amendment led to more RR’s elected to Congress in 1866. In 1867 they enacted their own plan. His veto won’t stop it. Why? 1. Military Rule: South divided into 5 military districts controlled by Union troops 2. Representatives and Senators were sent home and states had to draft new constitutions 3. All eligible voters (blacks too) could vote 4. Temporarily barred ex-Confederates from voting 5. States had to guarantee equal rights to all citizens 6. States must ratify 14th Amendment

Radical Military Districts

Exit Slip – Three Reconstruction Plans 1. President Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstructing the South was known as the ___ Percent Plan. a. Two b. Ten c. Fifty d. Seventy-five 2. President Johnson’s plan required the Southern States to ratify the ____ Amendment, which abolished slavery. a. 13th b. 14th c. 19th d. 27th 3. Who favored a harsh and punishing Reconstruction plan for the South? a. Lincoln b. Johnson c. Radical Republicans d. Ex-Confederates 4. How many military districts was the South divided into during Reconstruction? a. 3 b. 5 c. 8 d. 11

President Johnson’s Impeachment Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act (1867) to prevent Johnson from firing Cabinet members Johnson fired Sec. War Edwin Stanton (R) who was over Military Reconstruction Feb. 1868 -Impeached by House for “High Crimes and Misdemeanors” May 1868 – Both Johnson and the US Constitution were saved by 1 vote in the Senate trial by Senator Edmund G. Ross (R-KN)!

The Elections of 1868 & 1872 General Ulysses S. Grant – War hero & Republican narrowly defeats Horatio Seymour (D-NY) in 68 and Horace Greely (D-NY in 72 with help from new African American voters. Although Grant is popular and honest his 8 years in office were clouded by political scandals which damaged the image of the Republican Party. President Grant

Hate Groups Spread Terror! The Ku Klux Klan or KKK (1865) began as a social club in TN & quickly grew into a terrorist organization. Targets were blacks & White Republicans carpetbaggers (N) and scalawags (S). Goals were to drive Republican party from the South & prevent Blacks from voting and obtaining social equality in the South. The Force Act of 1870 signed by President Grant authorized Union soldiers to protect blacks. As a result 1000’s of KKK were arrested and tried. However, white Democrats gradually began to take back Southern state and local governments as U.S. troop levels were reduced in the South throughout the 1870s.

15th Amendment (1870) Last of Reconstruction Amendments No state can deny a citizen the right to vote on basis of race or color Union troops protected blacks and they voted in mass! Blanch K. Bruce (MS) in 1874 became first of two black Senators, LA elected a black governor, 16 black congressmen, 600 to state legislatures & 1000s to local offices throughout the South.

The Stolen Election of 1876 By 1876 US voters grew tired of greed, scandals, & corruption in government 1876 Election saw Samuel Tilden (D-NY) win popular vote by 250,000 over Rutherford B. Hayes (R-OH) SC, FL, LA were still Republican/ military- controlled and they threw out enough Democratic votes to give Hayes (185) victory over Tilden (184)! Both parties cheated, but each claimed victory Congress decided to form a 15-man electoral commission (5 R, 5 D, 5 SC Justices) to decide the winner. How did they vote?

The Compromise of 1877 Ends Reconstruction! The Commission ruled 8-7 in favor of Hayes, but Democrats had enough votes in Congress to reject it. So, both parties compromised: Democrats would accept Hayes if Republicans removed the rest of the troops from the South Hayes would appoint a conservative Southerner to his Cabinet Congress & Hayes would provide $$$ for Southern Railroads. Reconstruction ends and the “Long Night” of racial segregation begins for African-Americans in the South & lasts until the 1950s & 60s.

The Effects of Reconstruction (CRQ Essay!) Successes Union restored and South repaired South began to industrialize; North’s economy continued to grow The 13th,14th, 15th Amendments provided foundation for civil rights Tax-supported education for Blacks and Poor Whites Failures Blacks remained poor; many were sharecroppers or tenant farmers KKK reemerged, Jim Crow Laws, & Segregation denied rights Racism still existed in both the North & South South still lagged behind North economically

Exit Slip – The End of Reconstruction 1. Most historians consider President Grant a(n) ________ president. a. effective b. weak c. mean d. uncaring 2. Which amendment gave African-Americans the right to vote? a. 13th b. 14th c. 15th d. 16th 3. The “Stolen Election” of President _______ in 1876 ended Reconstruction. a. Grant b. Tilden c. Hayes d. Garfield 4. List one positive OR one negative effect of Reconstruction.

Bell Ringer – Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction 1. What organization created by Congress provided ex-slaves their first chance for school? a. NAACP b. United Negro College Fund c. Freedman’s Bureau 2. T or F: Lincoln favored a harsh Reconstruction plan for the South. 3. Who was President Lincoln’s assassin? a. John Wilkes Booth b. Charles Guiteau c. Lee Harvey Oswald 4. All of the following were targeted for assassination along with Lincoln except a. Sec. of State Seward b. Sec. of War Stanton c. Vice President Johnson