Africa, India, and the New British Empire, Chapter 24

Changes and Exchanges in Africa

New Africa States  Drought hit coastlands of southeastern Africa Conflict over grazing Conflict over grazing Zulu led by Shaka Zulu led by Shaka New national identity andNew national identity and new kingdom  Neighboring states Swaziland and Lesotho Swaziland and Lesotho

 West Africa Islam purity Islam purity Jihad Jihad Largest states in Hausa Largest states in Hausa Sokoto Caliphate ( )Sokoto Caliphate ( ) Centers of learning Centers of learning Slavery Slavery Seclusion of women Seclusion of women

Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia  Egypt, Muhammad Ali (r ) Raised military strength by requiring Egyptian peasants to cultivate ____ and other crops for export. Raised military strength by requiring Egyptian peasants to cultivate ____ and other crops for export.  Ismail Focused on westernization Focused on westernization Railroads, CairoRailroads, Cairo How did he fund programs?How did he fund programs? When the market for cotton collapseWhen the market for cotton collapse after the Civil War, France and England ________

 In the mid to late 19 th century Ethiopian kings reconquered territory that had been lost since the sixteenth century, purchased modern European ______, and began to manufacture _____ locally.  An attempt to hold British officials captive led to a temporary British occupation in the 1860s, but the British withdrew and the modernization program continued.

European Penetration  In 1830 France invaded Algeria It took ___ years for France to defeat Algerian resistance It took ___ years for France to defeat Algerian resistance Muslim holy man Abd al-QadirMuslim holy man Abd al-Qadir  By ,000 European settlers had taken possession of rich Algerian farmland.  Peaceful expeditions: David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and other explorers traced the courses of the Nile, the Zambezi, and Congo rivers. David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and other explorers traced the courses of the Nile, the Zambezi, and Congo rivers.

Abolition and Legitimate Trade  In 1808 activities of Britain and United States prohibited their citizens from participating in the slave trade. This was a result of: British navy British navy Cuba and Brasil Cuba and Brasil  “Legitimate Trade” Gold Gold Palm oil Palm oil JajaJaja

 Suppression of slave trade led to Western cultural influences in Africa. Missionaries Missionaries Sierra LeoneSierra Leone African Americans African Americans LiberiaLiberia

Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa  East African markets Slave trade supplied from North Africa and Middle East Slave trade supplied from North Africa and Middle East Zanzibar Island Zanzibar Island Slave tradeSlave trade Ivory tradeIvory trade ClovesCloves “Secondary Empires” “Secondary Empires” Tippu TipTippu Tip Western demand for ivory Western demand for ivory Weapons Weapons Muhammad AliMuhammad Ali slaves slaves

India Under British Rule

Company Men  Mughal Empire in 18 th century was defeated by Iranian armies. Nawabs became de facto rulers of independent states Nawabs became de facto rulers of independent states  “Company Men” est. trading posts and hired sepoys for protection.  British East Indian Company pushed out French and forced the Mughal to recognize the Company and became the “Bombay Presidency”

Raj and Rebellion,  The British “raj” Administrative and social reform Administrative and social reform Support Indian social and religious customs Support Indian social and religious customs ContradictionContradiction  Before 1850s the English created a government that relied on sepoy military power that: Disarmed Indian warriors Disarmed Indian warriors Christian missionaries Christian missionaries Private land ownership Private land ownership “traditional” rituals “traditional” rituals

 British political and economic influence benefited Indian elites while bringing new _______ to the poor and causing the collapse of the _____ industry.  Sepoy Rebellion 1857 Severe British shock Severe British shock

Political Reform and Industrial Impact  the British eliminated the last traces of the Mughal and Company rule. London London Princes in luxury Princes in luxury Durbars Durbars  Indian Civil Service  Expand production Agricultural commodities Agricultural commodities Irrigation systems Irrigation systems Railroads Railroads Telegraph lines Telegraph lines Spread of cholera led to new ____ systems. Spread of cholera led to new ____ systems.

Rising Indian Nationalism  Failure of the 1857 rebellion led to a new way for Indians to achieve control of their destiny.  Pan-Indian nationalism Rammouhan Roy and his “Brahmo Smaj” movement Rammouhan Roy and his “Brahmo Smaj” movement Western secular valuesWestern secular values Reform traditional abuses of womenReform traditional abuses of women Western nationalism that transcended religious differences.Western nationalism that transcended religious differences.

First Indian National Congress in 1885 First Indian National Congress in 1885 National unityNational unity Civil ServiceCivil Service

Britain's Eastern Empire

Colonies and Commerce  What allowed British to expand its control in South Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean?  The Cape Colony was valuable to Britain because of its strategic importance as a _______ on the route to India.

 Afrikaners “Great Trek”1836 and 1839 to found new colonies on the fertile high veld that had been depopulated by the Zulu wars. “Great Trek”1836 and 1839 to found new colonies on the fertile high veld that had been depopulated by the Zulu wars. Afrikaner’s Orange Free State Afrikaner’s Orange Free State Transvaal Transvaal  Southeast Asia Thomas Raffles est. Singapore 1824 Thomas Raffles est. Singapore 1824 Assam and Burma annexed Assam and Burma annexed 1826 and 1852 respectively

Imperial Policies and Shipping  Historians depict Britain as a reluctant empire builder, more interested in _____ than in acquiring territory. Ports in a global shipping network for free trade Ports in a global shipping network for free trade Exporters Exporters Technological revolution Technological revolution Use of ironUse of iron Canvas sailsCanvas sails

Colonization of Australia and New Zealand  Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in the early seventeenth century.  James Cook surveyed New Zealand and eastern Australian coast  New ships contributed to colonization of Australia and New Zealand by the British.  Disease Aborigines Aborigines Maori Maori

 Australia British convicts British convicts Gold 1851 Gold 1851  New Zealand Slow development until: Slow development until: Gold 1860Gold 1860 Maori defeatedMaori defeated  Governing power turned over Australia promoted= Australia promoted= New Zealand promoted= New Zealand promoted=  Women suffrage 1894

New Labor Migrations  Between 1834 and 1870 large numbers of: Indians, Chinese, African, and Japanese went overseas as laborers in British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii. Mostly _____ Mostly _____ Why was demand for workers high? Why was demand for workers high? Indentured servants Indentured servants Generally much poorer than European emigrantsGenerally much poorer than European emigrants