Salvete, discipuli! Chapter XXIII: Participles

Verbal Aspects Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle ActivePassive Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect 1 st 2 nd 3 rd SingularPlural

What is a Participle? A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions: The red ball is over there. The tall boy is my nephew.

What is a Participle? A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions: The bouncing ball is over there. The tall boy is my nephew.

What is a Participle? A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions: The bouncing ball is over there. The beloved boy is my nephew.

What is a Participle? A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions: The bouncing ball is over there. The beloved boy is my nephew. All of the above examples a) describe a noun and b) are derived from a verb.

Verbal Aspects Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle ActivePassive Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect 1 st 2 nd 3 rd SingularPlural

Verbal Aspects Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle ActivePassive Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect As a participle is not fully a verb, it does not have Person OR Number!

How many Participles are there? Simply put, there are three types of participles that one can use to describe a noun. –Present Participle –Past (Perfect) Participle –Future Participle The reason there are only 3 participles is because there are 3 times when an action could occur: now, before or later.

The Present Participle In English, the Present Participle is simply translated as an “-ing” word. –Bouncing ball –Running boy It is used to describe an action that is contemporaneous with the main verb: –The girl sat crying on the sofa. –Did you see that man dancing? –Thinking about his wife, Bob runs to the store to buy flowers

The Past (Perfect) Participle In English, the Perfect Participle is formed as “having” + an “-ed” word. The It is used to describe an action that occurred before the main verb: –Having bought a bike, she cycled home. –Having lived there for such a long time, he did not want to move. –Having stubbed her toe, Lucy cries out in pain.

The Past (Perfect) Participle In English, there is also a Perfect Passive Participle, which is formed by adding “been” to the equation: Having been cooked, the food looked delicious. Having been screwed over by her boss for too long, Sandy finally quit her job. Having been struck by the news, Jeff hurried home.

The Past (Perfect) Participle In English, the Perfect Passive Participle can also be shortened to just the “-ed” word, but it still functions in the same manner: –The exhausted man fell asleep. –A beloved dog never leaves its master. –The learned scholar is a great teacher.

The Future Participle In English, there is a seldom-used Future Participle that can be formed by the phrase “fixin’ to _______”. –Fixin’ to go to school, the boy packs his lunch. –Fixin’ to write a letter, Jackie searched for a pen and paper. There is also a Future Passive Participle that can be formed by the phrase “fixin’ to be _______”. –Fixin’ to be scolded by his wife, Matt avoided his house for a few hours.

Participles Reviewed In English, there are 3 tenses of the Participle: Present (Past) Perfect [Active and Passive] Future They are formed: Present = “ing” Perfect Active “having _____ed” Perfect Passive “having been _____ed” Future Active “fixin’ to ______” Future Passive “fixin’ to be ______ed”

Participle Practice In groups of two, write a paragraph that has examples of all the participles we have learned. Present Perfect Active Perfect Passive Future Active Future Passive

How many Participles are there? This is true in Latin, as there are only 3 participles: - Present Active - Perfect Passive - Future Active

The Participle Box ActivePassive Present Past (Perfect) Future To help organize the participles in Latin, we use what is called the Participle Box.

The Participle Box ActivePassive Present 1___________________ Past (Perfect) ___________________2 Future 3??? However, as we said before, the Participle has only 3 tenses…so we need to adjust our box.

The Perfect Passive Participle The most commonly used Participle in Latin is the Perfect Passive Participle. To form the Perfect Passive Participle, simply take the Fourth Principle Part from a verb and put adjective endings on it.

Perfect Passive Participle duc ō, ducere, dux ī, ductum = ductus, a, um am ō, am ā re, am ā v ī, amatum = amatus, a, um habe ō, hab ē re, habu ī, habitum = habitus, a, um audi ō, aud ī re, aud ī v ī, auditum = auditus, a, um faci ō, facere, fec ī, factum = factus, a, um All perfect passive participles are translated: “having been ______ed”

The Participle Box ActivePassive Present 1___________________ Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um Future 3??? amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Practice 1.perfect passive participle of peto, petere, petivi, petitum 2.perfect passive participle of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum 3.perfect passive participle of iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum

The Future Active Participle The next participle we will look at is the Future Active Participle. To form the Future Active Participle, simply take the Fourth Principle Part from a verb and add “urus, ura, urum” on it. A good way to remember this is the word Future.

Future Active Participle duc ō, ducere, dux ī, ductum = ducturus, ura, urum am ō, am ā re, am ā v ī, amatum = amaturus, ura, urum habe ō, hab ē re, habu ī, habitum = habiturus, ura, urum audi ō, aud ī re, aud ī v ī, auditum = auditurus, ura, urum faci ō, facere, fec ī, factum = facturus, ura, urum All future active participles are translated: “fixin’ to ________”

The Participle Box ActivePassive Present 1___________________ Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um Future amaturus, ura, urum ??? amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Practice 1.future active participle of peto, petere, petivi, petitum 2.future active participle of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum 3.future active participle of iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum

The Present Active Participle The last of the three Latin participles is the Present Active Participle. To form the Present Active Participle, simply take the Present Stem from a verb and add “ns, ntis” onto it. A good way to remember this is the word Present.

The Present Active Participle However, as we have seen before, the 3 rd -io and 4 th conjugations like to add an ‘i’ to verbs in the present system. Therefore, to form the Present Active Participle in the 3 rd -io or 4 th conjugation, add an ‘i’ to the stem of the verb before adding “ns, ntis” onto it.

Present Active Participle duc ō, ducere, dux ī, ductum = ducens, ntis am ō, am ā re, am ā v ī, amatum = amans, ntis habe ō, hab ē re, habu ī, habitum = habens, ntis audi ō, aud ī re, aud ī v ī, auditum = audiens, ntis faci ō, facere, fec ī, factum = faciens, ntis All present active participles are translated: “_________ing”

The Participle Box ActivePassive Present amans, ntis ___________________ Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um Future amaturus, ura, urum ??? amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Practice 1.present active participle of peto, petere, petivi, petitum 2.present active participle of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum 3.present active participle of capio, capere, cepi, captus

The Gerundive The last member of the Participle Box is not a participle in a strict sense, but is closely related. It is called the Gerundive. The Gerundive is a method of expressing obligation or necessity in Latin. It is translated “ought to be ______ed”

The Gerundive To form the Gerundive, simply take the Present Stem from a verb and add “ndus, a, um” onto it. –cf. Amanda, Miranda and agenda Again, as with the Present Active Participle, verbs of the 3 rd -io and 4 th conjugations add an ‘i’ to the stem before the “ndus, a, um” A good way to remember the ending is from the word gerundive.

Gerundives duc ō, ducere, dux ī, ductum = ducendus, a, um am ō, am ā re, am ā v ī, amatum = amandus, a, um habe ō, hab ē re, habu ī, habitum = habendus, a, um audi ō, aud ī re, aud ī v ī, auditum = audiendus, a, um faci ō, facere, fec ī, factum = faciendus, a, um All gerundives are translated: “ought to be ______ed”

The Participle Box ActivePassive Present amans, ntis ___________________ Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um Future amaturus, ura, urumamandus, a, um amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Practice 1.gerundive of peto, petere, petivi, petitum 2.gerundive of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum 3.gerundive of capio, capere, cepi, captus

Participles Reviewed ActivePassive Present amans, ntis ___________________ Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um Future amaturus, ura, urumamandus, a, um amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Declining Participles The endings on Participles are there so that a participle can agree with the noun it describes in gender, number, and case. This occurs in the same manner that we have seen with adjectives.

Declining Participles ActivePassive Present amans, ntis ___________________ Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um Futureamaturus, ura, urum amandus, a, um The endings for the last three participles follow adjectives. Therefore, we see “us, a, um”.

Declining Participles Therefore, these participles can modify nouns in any case: puer amatus = the beloved boy puerī amatī = of the beloved boy puerō amatō = to the beloved boy puerum amatum = the beloved boy puerō amatō = by the beloved boy

Declining Participles ActivePassive Present amans, ntis ___________________ Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um Futureamaturus, ura, urum amandus, a, um The endings for the present active participle follow 3 rd declension adjectives. Therefore, we see the nom. and gen. of a 1 termination adj.

Declining Participles Still, this participle can also modify nouns in any case (cf. potens, potentis): puer amans = the loving boy puerī amantis = of the loving boy puerō amantī = to the loving boy puerum amantem = the loving boy puerō amantī/e = by the loving boy ** when used as an attributive adjective, use “ī”, as a substantive, use “e”.

Practice 1.amanti puellae 2.dicta verba 3.rege timendō 4.auditurae feminae

Homework HW 31