1. Review Topics: Week 4 – Verbs Subjunctives of the Present System, both Active and Passive; and Participles

2. The Subjunctive
The basic idea that the Subjunctive is used to communicate is “unreality” and potentiality.
i.e., the “coulda, shoulda, woulda” of Latin.
The Subjunctive exists in only 4 tenses:
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
The Subjunctive has no future tenses because potential or unreal actions are, by nature, in the future. Therefore, no future tenses are necessary.
For now, we’ll review the subjunctives in the present system, i.e., just the present and imperfect tenses! 2

3. Forming the Subjunctive
In English, we form the subjunctive by using a number of auxiliary helping verbs, like: were, would, may, might, should, may have, could have, etc.
The Subjunctive in Latin can be identified by a change in the formation of verbs, usually a change to the verb stem.
In the present tense, the subjunctive is indicated by a change in the stem vowel of the verb.
Some really good news: The same personal endings are used when conjugating the subjunctive!
(-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) for active
(-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur) for passive

4. Forming the Present Subjunctive
The changes in the stem vowels of the present subjunctive are the following:
2nd conjugation: ē --> ea
4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia
3rd conjugation: e --> a
1st conjugation: ā --> e
A helpful way to remember how the vowels shift is with the mnemonic:
We Fear a Liar OR We eat all Friars

5. The Subjunctive, Conjugated—Present Active
Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere
Laudem
Laudēs
Laudet
Laudēmus
Laudētis
Laudent
Moneam
Moneās
Moneat
Moneāmus
Moneātis
Moneant
Agam
Agās
Agat
Agāmus
Agātis
Agant
Audiam
Audiās
Audiat
Audiāmus
Audiātis
Audiant
Capiam
Capiās
Capiat
Capiāmus
Capiātis
Capiant
Remember: We Fear all Liars!

6. The Subjunctive, Conjugated—Present Passive
Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere
Lauder
Laudēris
Laudetur
Laudēmur
Laudēminī
Laudentur
Agar
Agāris
Agatur
Agāmur
Agāminī
Agantur
Monear
Moneāris
Moneatur
Moneāmur
Moneāminī
Moneantur
Audiar
Audiāris
Audiatur
Audiāmur
Audiāminī
Audiantur
Capiar
Capiāris
Capiatur
Capiāmur
Capiāminī
Capiantur
Remember: We Fear all Liars!

7. The Imperfect Subjunctive
The imperfect subjunctive is even easier to form than the present subjunctive. It combines the second principal part (pres. Act. inf.) and the present personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) or (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur) Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive Ago, agere  3rd person sing. impf. act. subj. Agere + t = Ageret

8. Imperfect Active Subjunctive
Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere
Laudārem
Laudārēs
Laudāret
Laudārēmus
Laudārētis
Laudārent
Monērem
Monērēs
Monēret
Monērēmus
Monērētis
Monērent
Agerem
Agerēs
Ageret
Agerēmus
Agerētis
Agerent
Audīrem
Audīrēs
Audīret
Audīrēmus
Audīrētis
Audīrent
Caperem
Caperēs
Caperet
Caperēmus
Caperētis
Caperent
Remember: Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive

9. Imperfect Passive Subjunctive
Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere
Laudārer
Laudārēris
Laudārētur
Laudārēmur
Laudārēmini
Laudārentur
Monērer
Monērēris
Monērētur
Monērēmur
Monērēmini
Monērentur
Agerer
Agerēris
Agerētur
Agerēmur
Agerēmini
Agerentur
Audīrer
Audīrēris
Audīrētur
Audīrēmur
Audīrēmini
Audīrentur
Caperer
Caperēris
Caperētur
Caperēmur
Caperēmini
Caperentur
Remember: Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive

10. And the Subjunctive of sum, esse
The present subjunctive of sum, like all present subjunctives, changes its stem vowel, so the stem becomes: si-
The imperfect subj. of sum forms as expected: inf. + ending
PRESENT
sim
sīs
sit
sīmus
sītis
sint
IMPERFECT
essem
essēs
esset
essēmus
essētis
essent

11. Pres. And Impf. Subj. of possum, posse
As always, just add the prefix pot- to the corresponding forms of sum, esse to conjugate possum, posse (And allow for assimilation of the t, where necessary).
PRESENT
possim
possīs
possit
possīmus
possītis
possint
IMPERFECT
possem
possēs
posset
possēmus
possētis
possent

12. Basic Participle Info
Participles are, by definition, verbal ADJECTIVES, so they are part verb and part adjective.
They have the tense and voice of verbs (but not person or mood!) and the gender, number, and case of adjectives.
The tense of a participle always conveys time relative to the time of the main verb. Participles exist in the present, perfect, and future tenses only.
As a verbal thing, participles can take direct objects (if they are active), agents (if they are passive), or other constructions as needed (such as an indirect objects, etc.)
As an adjective, participles will agree with the noun they modify in case, number, and gender; they can also function as substantives, if needed.

13. The Participle Box
To help you remember participles, consider the following “participle box” – allowing you to learn the form for each tense and voice of the participle.
Active
Passive
Present 1
xxxxxx
Perfect 2
Future 3 4

14. The Present Active Participle
To form the Present Active Participle, simply take the Present Stem (root + theme vowel) of a verb and add “-ns, -ntis”.
A good way to remember this is the word “present”
Two quick notes, however:
(1) As we have seen before, the 3rd-io conjugation will present an “i” at the ends of verbs in the present system.
(2) Since Latin hates the “int” sound, the Romans inserted an “e” between the “i” stem vowel and the participial endings in the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations: “-iens, -ientis”
The present active participle declines like a (1-Termination) 3rd Declension adjective! (see potens, potentis, for example)

15. Present Active Participle
Pres. Act. Ppl. = Present Stem + -ns, -ntis
amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum =
amāns, -ntis
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =
habēns, -ntis
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =
ducēns, -ntis
faciō, facere, fecī, factum =
faciēns, -ntis
audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum =
audiēns, -ntis
All present active participles are translated:
“__(verb)__ing”

16. The Perfect Passive Participle
Probably the most common Participle in Latin is the Perfect Passive Participle.
The Fourth Principle Part of each verb is also called the “participial stem” because it simply is the perfect passive participle.
To form the Perfect Passive Participle, then, simply use the Fourth Principle Part and add adjective endings to it, i.e., decline it like a 1st/2nd declension adjective.

17. The Perfect Passive Participle
Pf. Pass. Ppl. = Ppl. Stem (4th princ. part) + 2/1/2 endings
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum =
amātus, -a, -um
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =
habitus, -a, -um
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =
ductus, -a, -um
faciō, facere, fecī, factum =
factus, -a, -um
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum =
audītus, -a, -um
All perfect passive participles are translated:
“having been _(verb)_ed”

18. The Future Active Participle
To form the Future Active Participle, simply take the Participial Stem (Fourth Principle Part) from a verb, insert “-ur-” as a future marker, and add 2/1/2 adj. endings.
Or you can simply think of it as adding “-urus, -ura, -urum” onto the ppl. stem.
A good way to remember this is the word “future”.

19. The Future Active Participle
Fut. Act. Ppl. = Ppl. Stem (4th pp.) + “-ur-” + 2/1/2 endings
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum =
amāturus, -a, -um
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =
habiturus, -a, -um
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =
ducturus, -a, -um
faciō, facere, fecī, factum =
facturus, -a, -um
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum =
audīturus, -a, -um
All future active participles are translated:
“about to _(verb)_”

20. The Future Passive Participle
The last participle to learn (the future passive participle) is not often used in Latin as a participle in the strictest sense.
It is also called the Gerundive and is often used as a method of expressing obligation or necessity in Latin.
To form the future passive ppl., simply take the present stem from a verb and insert the infix “-nd-” before adding 2/1/2 adj. endings; or you can just think of it as adding: “ndus, a, um” onto the present stem.
Again, as with the Present Active Participle, verbs of the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations have an ‘i’ at the end of the stem, so insert an “e”, yielding: “iendus, a, um”
A good way to remember the ending is from the word gerundive or the words: Amanda, Miranda, and agenda.

21. Future Passive Participle
Fut. Pass. Ppl. = Present Stem + “-nd-” + 2/1/2 adj. endings
amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum =
amandus, -a, -um
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =
habendus, -a, -um
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =
ducendus, -a, -um
faciō, facere, fecī, factum =
faciendus, -a, -u,m
audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum =
audiendus, -a, -um
Future passive participles can be translated:
“about to be _(verb)_ed” or “ought to be _(verb)_ed”

22. The Participle Box
Now you can fill in each square of the participle box for a given verb: e.g., amō, amāre, amavī, amātus
Active
Passive
Present
amāns, ntis
XXXXXX
Past (Perfect)
amātus, a, um
Future
amāturus, -ura, -urum
amandus, a, um