Religious Conflict and Warfare: The Age of the Crusades Terms: Pilgrimage= iter or peregrinatio (Latin) pelerinage (French) Holy War = bellum sacrum guerre sainte Expedition of the cross = expeditio crucis Takers of the cross = cruces signati

Justification for Warfare Just war principles established by St. Augustine in the 5 th century War must Have a just cause based on past or present aggression (causa justa) Be authorized by legitimate authority (auctoritas principis) Be waged for right intention (intentio rectus) –Must be only practical alternative –Participants must have pure motives

Prelude to the Crusades Important events: Arab conquests 7th & 8th centuries Conversion of the Turks to Islam Collapse of Abbasid dynasty c. 950 Battle of Manzikert in 1071 Loss of Anatolia Alexius’ letter to Pope Urban asking for help regaining lost territory Council of Clermont, 1095

Map of the Eastern Mediterranean in the 12 th Century

Key Personalities Alexius I Comnenus ( ) Pope Urban II ( ) Godfrey de Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine Baldwin of Bourg, his brother Raymond of St. Gilles, count of Toulouse Bohemond of Otranto Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy Stephen of Blois, count of Anjou Peter the Hermit

First Crusade 1096–1099 Conditions for a valid Crusade –Authorized only by pope (legitimate authority or auctoritas principis) –Crusader vow (votum) Cross sewed on clothing, signifying vow –Privileges Indulgence (spiritual reward for danger of journey) Protection of church (clerical status) Immunity from seizure (lands, chattels) Freedom from tolls or obligations –Excommunication for failure to fulfill vow

First Crusade 1096–1099 Byzantine Empire under attack from Muslim Turks 1071 – Battle of Manzikert, Turks seize Anatolia 1094 – Alexis I appealed to Pope Urban II for help 1095 – Urban II’s speech at Clermont 1096 – Peasants’ Crusade (unofficial) 1096 – Official crusade launched 1099 – Crusaders capture Jerusalem

First Crusade 1096–1099

Second Crusade 1147– – Muslims defeat Europeans at Edessa, which catalyzed the 2 nd Crusade Preached by Bernard of Clarivaux Foolish decisions lead to disaster for the crusaders Crusades now included an expansionist mission in addition to a pilgrimage Origin of Military Orders: Templars, Hospitalers, Teutonic Knights

Crusader States: Outremer, 1099–1187 County of Eddessa, founded by Baldwin of Boulogne (1097–1144) Principality of Antioch, founded by Bohemond of Sicily (1098) Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187) County of Tripoli, founded by Raymond of St. Giles (1102)

Krak des Chevaliers: Crusader Castle

Third Crusade 1188–1192 Muslim leader Saladin reconquers Egypt and most crusading states 1187 – Conquers Jerusalem, which precipitated the Third Crusade Byzantium makes a pact with Saladin Leaders:Richard I of England Philip II (Augustus) of France Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor Crusade disintegrated through lack of cooperation

Fourth Crusade 1202–1204 Pope Innocent III organized crusade under papal auspices Crusaders never reached the Holy Land Diverted by Venetians to Zara Byzantium victim of the 4 th Crusade Cause: dynastic intrigue & greed 1204: Crusaders sacked Constantinople

Crusades’ Overview