1. The Crusades in Medieval Europe
For nearly 200 years, the Christians fought a series of religious wars known as the Crusades.

2. Before the Crusades
Muslims allowed Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem because it brought new sources of revenue.
Christian pilgrimages were a way of being forgiven for your sins.
Violence is ripping apart Europe as Nobles are fighting among themselves.
Famine beginning to spread across the Continent as mini ice age slows crop production

3. Seljuk Turks
Suddenly, in 1071 AD, a group of Muslims called Seljuk Turks, stopped allowing Christian visitors to come into Jerusalem.
Persecuted Christians who were there.
Violence escalates and 3000 Christians are massacred

4. A letter that started a war!
With the massacre Byzantine Emperor Alexis sends a letter to Pope Urban II asking for help… he will regret this later.
Don’t Worry. I will send and army
Help us Urban – you are our only hope

5. Council of Clermont
1095 Pope made a speech in France urging the Western Christendom to rescue the Holy Land and the Christians in the East from the Turks.
Pope Urban’s speech at the Council of Clermont was very inspiring and persuasive as tens of thousands enthusiastically took up the cross and departed to the Holy Land in 1096.
He promised that God would grant them a full remission of their sins if they died while on crusade.

6. Speech that started the war!
“You common people who have been miserable sinners, become soldiers of Christ! You nobles, do not [quarrel] with one another. Use your arms in a just war! Labor for everlasting reward.”

7. Causes of the Crusades Seljuk Turks invade Jerusalem
Regain Control of the “Holy Land”
Turks Kill 3000 Christians
Causes of the Crusades
European nobles fighting among themselves
Merchants & Pope want Trade Routes

8. The First Crusade - 1096 - 1099 An attempt to re-capture Jerusalem.
Unskilled peasants and knights
Unprepared for trip & fighting due to climate, lack of supplies, and no leader.
Success: Siege of Jerusalem = 1099, Victory for Crusaders
A Crusader knight

9. The Second Crusade -1147-1149 Muslims began retaking lands
1144, Took city of Edessa, European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147
Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims
The council at Jerusalem decides to attack Damascus

10. Third Crusade
1177, Saladin arose as Leader in Muslim world, took title of sultan
Retook Crusader states, drove Christians out of Jerusalem
Three Kings
Richard, Philip, Frederick set out on Third Crusade
Frederick (H.R.E.)Drowned, Philip (Fr) quarreled with Richard (Eng), returned home
Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land

11. 3rd Crusade – Mutual Respect
Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen
Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences
Fierce Fighting
Richard was unable to drive Muslims from Holy Land
Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England

12. Fourth Crusade -1202-1204 Failure of 4th Crusade
Innocent III, called French Knights for a 4th Crusade
Plan was to sail to Jerusalem from Venice, Italy
The Venetians agreed to furnish necessary ships only if Crusaders first seized Zara, a Christian city.
Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all
The Venetians then persuaded the Crusaders to attack Christian city of Constantinople
Failure of 4th Crusade
Disorganization,
lack of leadership
Going against Pope

13. Later Crusades Five other Crusades followed, none successful
Children's Crusade: 1212
factual and mythical period including a French or German boy, an intention to peacefully convert Muslims in the Holy Land to Christianity
Fifth Crusade 1217–1221
A/H Army, Surrender Quickly
Sixth Crusade 1228–1229
Emp. Fredrick II, Excomm Greg IX
Diplomatic Success
Seventh Crusade 1248–1254
Louis IX of France, Failed
Eighth Crusade 1270
Louis IX, Died, Canonized
Ninth Crusade 1271–1272
Edward I of England

14. Effects from Crusades Economic Changes Political Changes
Crusades enhanced existing trade; Europe & Middle East
Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe
Political Changes
Crusades led to deaths of knights & nobles
Lands vulnerable
Ambitious nobles took unoccupied lands
Nobles & Kings increase power, influence in Europe
Social Changes
Many viewed non-Christians as enemies,
persecuted Jews
Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders
Relations strained

15. Works Cited Images are cited on each slide.