1. Middle Ages The High Middle Ages

2. 1/30 Focus 1/30 Focus: – The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain control of the holy lands, had profound economic, political, and social impacts on Europe and the Muslim world Do Now Do Now: – What is the significance of the Magna Carta?

4. Power of the Popes Popes were powerful spiritual leaders but also developed political power during the Middle Ages – Popes claimed authority over rulers This often led to conflicts between Popes and kings – The investiture controversy

5. Power of the Popes Pope Gregory VII tried to expand the political power of the pope – The pope can be judged by no one; – The Roman church has never erred and never will err till the end of time; – The pope alone can depose and restore bishops; – He alone can call general councils and authorize canon law – He can depose emperors; – He can absolve subjects from their allegiance; – All princes should kiss his feet.

6. The Crusades A series of wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East over control of the holy lands – 8 Crusades between 1095-1271

8. The Holy Lands The city of Jerusalem and the areas near it were known as the holy lands – Birthplace of Jesus – Site where Muslims believed Muhammad rose to heaven – Jewish Homeland

9. The Crusades Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire in 1071 – Byzantine Emperor asked Pope Urban II for help

10. The Council of Clermont Pope Urban asks Christians to launch a crusade or holy war to liberate the holy lands from Muslims – Attracted large numbers of people willing to fight

11. Reasons for the Crusades Pope Urban hoped to increase his power in Europe Get European rulers to stop fighting each other Reunite Eastern and Western Churches

12. Closure Identify one reason that Pope Urban called for a Crusade against Muslims. Identify two reasons that people answered the pope’s call for a crusade to free the holy lands

13. 1/31 Focus: 1/31 Focus: – For nearly 200 years, Christians and Muslims fought for control of the Holy Lands Do Now: Do Now: – What does the Holy Lands refer to? – Identify why the Holy lands were so important to Christians?

14. Reasons for the Crusades Pope promised Crusaders they would receive salvation and forgiveness for sins Promise of glory and riches Serfs hoped to escape feudal system

15. The First Crusade Crusaders fell into two groups – Peasants Attacked Jewish communities in Germany on their way to Holy land Were quickly defeated by the Seljuk Turks – Experienced Knights

17. The First Crusades Difficulties faced by Crusaders – Lacked organization Could not agree on a leader – Lacked knowledge of climate, terrain, and geography – No supply lines Often ran out of food and water – Heat stroke and disease killed many crusaders

18. The First Crusade Despite difficulties crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 – Massacred Muslims, Jews, and Eastern orthodox Christians

19. The First Crusade “Some of our men cut off the heads of their enemies; others shot them with arrows, so that they fell from the towers; others tortured them longer by casting them into the flames. Piles of heads, hands and feet were to be seen in the streets of the city. It was necessary to pick one's way over the bodies of men and horses. But these were small matters compared to what happened at the temple of Solomon, a place where religious services ware ordinarily chanted. What happened there? If I tell the truth, it will exceed your powers of belief. So let it suffice to say this much at least, that in the temple and portico of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins.” Account of the capture of Jerusalem from a Crusader:

20. The Crusader States Crusaders established feudal kingdoms from territory captured in First Crusade – Edessa – Antioch – Tripoli – Jerusalem

22. The Second Crusade Turks capture Crusader State of Edessa – Edessa was the capital of the Crusader States Crusade to retake Crusader States lost to Turks fails

23. The Third Crusade Muslim leader Saladin unites Muslim world (late 1100’s) – Captures Jerusalem

25. The Third Crusade 3 European Kings launch Crusade to re- take Jerusalem – Frederick Barbarossa Drowns while trying to cross a river – Phillip Augustus Returns to France before reaching Jerusalem – Richard the Lionhearted

27. The Third Crusade Richard the Lionhearted is unsuccessful in retaking Holy Lands from Saladin – Truce allows Christians to visit holy lands – Returns to England

28. The Fourth Crusade 1198 Pope Innocent III calls for Crusade to capture Jerusalem Crusaders on their way to holy lands decide to attack/loot Constantinople in 1204

29. The Fourth Crusade Effects – Fail to retake the Holy Lands – Byzantine never recovers

30. The Children’s Crusade 30,000 French children and 20,000 German children march to Jerusalem Thousands die or are captured or sold into slavery Never reached the Holy Lands

31. Closure Identify two reason why Christians responded to the popes call for a crusade to take control of the Holy lands?