Life A Short Summary Slime Mold Tardigrade

What is Life? Composed of organic compounds Resistance to entropy (disorder) –Requires energy (must be able to gather and process (metabolize) energy) Ability to maintain a controlled environment –Requires ability to be isolated from environment Information storage Self replication –Including ability to pass on information Ability to adapt to its environment –Undergoes biological evolution

Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Human AlfalfaBacteria Oxygen(O)62.8%77.9%73.7% Carbon (C)19.4%11.3%12.1% Hydrogen (H)9.3%8.7%9.9% Nitrogen (N)5.1%0.8%3.0% Phosphorous (P)0.6%0.7%0.6% Sulfur (S)0.6%0.1%0.3% Carbon is found in all organic compounds Important Elements

Why Carbon? Small and Abundant 4th most abundant element in the Solar System Bonds with a lot of different atoms Forms lots of different organic compounds Forms long chains (polymers) Forms very strong bonds Hard to destroy (Stable) Bonds “store” a lot of energy Forms compounds that are water soluble

Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 1. Lipids - (H,C (hydrocarbons))  Fats and Oils  cell membranes & energy storage 2. Carbohydrates - (C, H, O)  Sugars, Starches and Cellulose  energy storage & structure

Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 3.Amino Acids  Proteins - (C, H, O, N, S)  Enzymes - catalysts for chemical reactions  also Hair, silk, fingernails, etc. 4. Nucleic Acids - (C, H, O, N, P)  DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)  RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)  store & transfer genetic information

Organic Compounds Cells Organisms Not Alive Alive

Life on Earth: Controlled Environment Cell

Eukaryote Prokaryote

Prokaryote - E. coli Small (<5  m) No nucleus Unicellular

Eukaryote - Frog & Ameba Larger (> 10  m) Nucleus Organelles Cytoskeleton Uni- and multi-cellular

Life on Earth: Controlling Entropy Gathering Energy Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen Chemosynthesis Hydrogen Sulfide + Carbon Dioxide + Water + Oxygen + Geothermal Heat --> Sugar + Sulfuric Acid

Chloroplasts

Life on Earth: Controlling Entropy Releasing Energy Respiration Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Mitochondria

Life on Earth: Information Storage DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid

Chromosomes

Human Chromosomes

Chromosome Numbers

Life on Earth: Information Storage DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid

DNA RNA Protein Replication Transcription Translation

The Universal Genetic Code AUG - UGC - CAU - AAA - UGA Start - Cysteine - Histidine - Lysine - Stop

DNA Translation Instructions: How to make proteins from amino acids

Genetics Produce Variety

Life on Earth: Self Replication

Cloning (Mitosis)

Life on Earth: Self Replication Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis) Sperm & Egg Fertilization (Combination of genes from 2 parents) Complete Organism

What is Life? (Reminder) Composed of organic compounds Resistance to entropy (disorder) –Requires energy (must be able to gather and process (metabolize) energy) Ability to maintain a controlled environment –Requires ability to be isolated from environment Information storage Self replication –Including ability to pass on information Ability to adapt to its environment –Undergoes biological evolution

How is Life Organized: Taxonomy (Linnaeus) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Subspecies Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Homididae Homo sapiens Animalia Chordata Osteichthyes Salmoniformes Salmonidae Onchorhynchus tshawytscha Plantae Pinophyta Pinopsida Pinales Cupressaceae Sequoia sempervirens HumanKing SalmonCoast Redwood

Kingdoms of Life Single Celled - prokaryotes and eukaryotes Archaea (“extremophiles”) Bacteria (“germs” & blue-green algae) Protista (one-celled eukaryotes) Metazoans - multicellular, eukaryotes Fungi Plantae Animalia

Extremophiles (Archea) Thermophiles Halophiles Methanogens Cryophiles

Bacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia Important Phyla Porifera (Sponges) Cnideria (Corals, Jellyfish) Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Arthropoda (Crabs, Insects, Spiders) Annelida (Segmented Worms) Mollusca (Clams, Snails, Cephalopods) Echonodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchins) Chordata (Fish, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals)

Porifera & Cnideria

Flatworms & Arthropoda

Annelida & Mollusca

Echondermata & Chordata