1. Characteristics of Living Things and Classification
What makes something living?
How do we organize living things?

2. BIOLOGY: THE STUDY OF LIFE.
ALIVE OR NOT ALIVE????
Scientists have not really decided upon a single definition of life, but it is determined by the actions of life functions carried on by an organism.
Click for biology song

3. I. Organization of Living Things
MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISMS
UNICELLULAR
ORGANISMS

4. II. Chemical Composition of Living Things
A. Living things are made of four main elements
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)
B. These elements combine to form molecules.

5. contain BOTH carbon and hydrogen
1. Organic Molecules
contain BOTH carbon and hydrogen
proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
Proteins
(& enzymes)
Carbohydrates
(glucose)
DNA

6. 2. Inorganic molecules - does not contain both carbon & hydrogen but can contain other combinations of elements
Includes salts (NaCl) and minerals
Acids and bases
Gases – oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
Water (H2O) –most abundant substance in the human body

7. III. Four Characteristics of ALL Living Things
Living things are made of CELLS that contain DNA
Living things have a METABOLISM to help them use energy to live, grow, and develop.
THE SUM TOTAL OF ALL LIFE FUNCTIONS.
Living things maintain HOMEOSTASIS: a stable internal environment
Ex: Your body sweats in order to maintain a proper internal temperature
Living things REPRODUCE

8. Characteristics of Living Things: The Video Clip

9. IV. Similarities and Differences Among Living Things
A. Living things go about the 4 characteristics in similar AND different ways B. All living things carry on the life functions.

10. V. Life Functions or Processes
1. Nutrition: The process of obtaining food (nutrients).
Ingestion –taking food in.
Digestion- breaking down of food so that it can be absorbed by the body.
Egestion- elimination of undigested food (solid waste).

11. Life Functions or Processes
2. Transport : The absorption of materials and the circulation (distribution) of materials to all the cells of an organism.
3. Respiration : The chemical activities that release energy from food.
{Ex. Oxygen + glucose yields carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY]
This energy is needed to maintain life.

12. Life Functions or Processes
4. Synthesis : “to make” combining simple substances to make more complex substances, or making things the body needs.
[Ex. Starches from simple sugars]
5. Excretion : Getting rid of cellular waste such as CARBON DIOXIDE(CO2), WATER (H2O) and SALTS (NaCl).
6. Regulation : Responding (or coordinating ) to changes in the environment to maintain homeostasis. EX: Your pupils dilate to react to low lighting situation.

13. Life Functions or Processes
7. Growth: increase in living matter by increasing cell size or cell number
8. Reproduction: ability of organisms to form more of its own kind
*(not needed for an organism’s survival but necessary for the survival of the species)

14. Simple to Complex: The Video Clip

15. VI. Helping Vocabulary Number of cells: Nucleus? Mode of nutrition:
Multicellular:
Made of many cells
Unicellular:
Made of one cell
Nucleus?
Eukaryote:
Cells contain a nucleus
Prokaryote:
Cells lack a nucleus
Mode of nutrition:
Heterotroph:
Need to obtain food ex. man
Autotroph:
Can make own food ex. plants

16. The Five Kingdoms: The Video Clip

17. VII. The 5 Kingdoms Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista Monera
Similarities and Differences in life processes has grouped orgs into 5 different kingdoms
Animalia
Fungi
Plantae
Protista
Monera
MULTICELLULAR
EUKARYOTIC
UNICELLULAR
PROKARYOTIC

18. Obtaining Nutrients a) Heterotroph Gets nutrients from the environment
Kingdoms:
Animalia, Fungi, Some Protista and Monera
b) Autotroph
Makes own food
Plantae and some Protists (photosynthesis), some Bacteria (chemosynthesis)

19. Transport of materials
a) Unicellular Orgs:
Transport within cytoplasm
Kingdoms:
Protista, Monera
b) Multicellular Orgs:
Transport within liquids and tubes
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi

20. Reproduction a) Asexual: b) Sexual: One parent
Offspring genetically identical (clones)
Kingdoms:
Some Fungi, Protista, Monera
b) Sexual:
Two parents
Offspring genetically different from parents
Some Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

21. VIII. Classification of Living Things
Why classify organisms?
For easy identification
For evolutionary comparison of organisms
Organisms are grouped into large categories based on similarities
Once in a group, organisms are separated based on differences
Those with common ancestors are grouped together.

22. A. Classification of Living Things
6 Kingdoms
Phyla (s. Phylum)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
DIVIDED INTO
DIVIDED INTO
# OF ORGANISMS
DECREASES
DIVIDED INTO
DIFFERENCES
AMONG ORGS
INCREASES
DIVIDED INTO
DIVIDED INTO
DIVIDED INTO

23. Acronym to help remember!
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti

24. B. Classification of Humans
KINGDOM: Animalia
PHYLUM: Chordata
Has backbone
CLASS: Mammalia
Females have mammary glands
ORDER: Primates
Larger brain size
FAMILY: Hominidae
GENUS: Homo
SPECIES: sapiens
Canis familiaris
Felis concolor
A species is able to successfully reproduce amongst its members.

25. C. Scientific Naming Scientific name = Genus + species
Referred to as Binomial Nomenclature (2 name naming system)
species is not capitalized
always italicized or underlined
Ex. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
Abbreviation:
First letter of Genus (capitalized), followed by species
Ex. H. sapiens
Scientists have only identified and named a FRACTION of all living organisms on Earth!!!!

26. Website with nice graphics of levels of biological organization:

27. Reviewbook Answers pgs 4-5 #1-10
1).any 2 of the following: Made of cells; maintain homeostasis; require energy to live; respire; etc.
2) 3
3) 2
4) to look for cells
5) 4
6) 1
7) 2
8) any 2 of the following: living things maintain homeostasis; reproduce; made of functioning cells; require energy; etc whereas nonliving doesn’t
9) 4
10) 3