Urban Redevelopment and Air Quality in Fushun, PRC Simon Eggleston EU-China Liaoning Integrated Environmental Programme

Acknowledgements  This study has only been possible with the detailed work by the team in Fushun and the support of the Environmental Protection Bureaux and Environmental Monitoring Centres of Liaoning and Fushun

LIEP Air Quality Management  Part of Liaoning Integrated Environmental Programme  This part of project aims to identify cost effective air pollution control strategies for Fushun  Also providing equipment and training

Fushun Fushun Beijing

Fushun  In NE China, Liaoning Province  Old coal mining & industrial city –  large open-case mines,  Three refineries  Two large steel works  Two large cement works  Aluminium plant  …

Fushun Population Modelled Urban Area Population Fushun City GDP million RMB 20001,380,2002,343,00023, ,498,9002,354,70038, ,548,0302,355,70046,000

Fushun Growth – Coal Use Power Stations & District Heating Industrial Domestic Total

Fushun TSP (mg/m3)

Air Quality Aims  “To achieve the class 2 standard everywhere people live”  “To achieve this improvement in a cost- effective way”

Health Impacts – Estimated Cases Cases in 2000Cases in 2005 if pollution unchanged Respiratory hospital admissions Asthma51,50055,800 Acute upper respiratory inflammation 40,80044,100 Acute lower respiratory inflammation 55,00059,500 Bronchitis50,50054,600 Emphysema5,0505,460 Mortality (based on lost life years)2,0402,210

Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Regulation and Administration

Planning  Fushun government has 35 departments  Each produce a 10 th five year plan  Many of these can have impacts on air quality  Environmental Protection Bureau  These are not well coordinated

Some Offices Involved in Air Quality Management  Environmental Monitoring Centre  Fushun General Gas Company  Fushun Heating Company  Fushun Commodity Price Bureau  Fushun New Style Wall Material Energy Saving Office  Fushun Boiler Inspection Bureau  Power Companies  Planning Bureau  Financial Bureau  Fushun Mineral Affairs Bureau  Municipal Technical Supervisory Bureau

Sources of PM 10 in Fushun

Remote Sources  From rural area outside city, neighbouring cities and other provinces  Implies need for coordination with other municipalities and also at a provincial level  The provincial EPB has started a project looking at the central city group air quality.

PM 10 – Sources & Impact % of Emissions % of Concentrations Large Point Sources4315 Small Heating Sources (<20m)19 Small Production (<20m)26 Road Traffic10 Road Dust3219 Other Fugitive Dust Emissions2113 Remote Sources of PM 10 39

PM 10 – Fushun EU Standard Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Over Class 3 Appartments Industrial Singlestory

Cases  Base Case  Population growth & urban redevelopment  Pollution Abatement  Base case plus range of pollution abatement measures  Energy Efficiency  Pollution Abatement plus energy efficiency programme

Urban Redevelopment  Single-story Housing replaced by apartments, 2.39 km 2 by 2005 at a cost of 1.34 billion RMB.  District heating plant extended – small heating boilers replaced, an additional 17.1 million m 2 heated – 120 million RMB  Landscaping, tree planting, green belt, parks and river improvements, million RMB by 2005

Urban Redevelopment  Clearly this is not being done for air quality management alone  Work aims at improving living conditions, overall environment and encouraging investment.  Work has been planned without air quality input but will provide significant air quality improvements

Costs of Air Pollution – 2005 (million RMB) population 2000 pollution 2005 – Baseline 2005 – Baseline + PA 2005 – Baseline + PA + EC Fugitive sources Local Sources Remote Total % change from % change from 2000 – under local control PA – Pollution Abatement Measures, EC – Energy Conservation Measures

Data Collection  First we need to understand the changes that are taking place – the urban redevelopment  Population is increasing, urban redevelopment plans, 10 th 5 year plan, industrial changes

Fushun PM Situation

Fushun PM with impact of increased population and urban redevelopment

Fushun PM urban redevelopment + Pollution Abatement

Fushun PM Base case + Pollution Abatement + Energy Efficiency

Conclusions  Only widespread co-operation and information exchange can lead to an understanding of the current trends in air quality and its impacts  The significance of the contributions from outside the city mean that networks of cooperation and information exchange need to be extended outside the city on a provincial and national level

Conclusions (2)  Urban redevelopment and energy conservation can lead to large, cost- effective reductions in air pollution and its impacts, however their control is outside the environmental organisations and so they need to develop the expertise, reputation and authority to inform these developments

Conclusions (3)  Some pollution problems can only be solved by pollution abatement measures. These need to be examined to ensure that money and resources are used effectively with actions selected to reduce the impacts of air pollution, not just emissions.