1. 25/04/2007INGAS 20071 Air Quality Improvement and Natural Gas Use in Istanbul Omar ALAGHA,PhD Fatih University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey

2. 25/04/2007INGAS 20072 Introduction Air pollution “ the presence of undesirable material in air, in quantities large enough to produce harmful effects”. The Industrial Revolution: Predominant air pollution problem of the 19 th century was SMOKE and ASH Every country in Europe or USA experienced serious air pollution problems in large cities, e.g London disaster in 1952 where 4000 died. Clean Air Act in 1956, the reduction of domestic heating smoke from 175 to 75 ug/m 3. Istanbul has encountered a serious sulfur dioxide episodes in the past decades

3. 25/04/2007INGAS 20073 Environmental pollution and fuel use –Combustion products Natural gas compared with others –low quality coal use: power plants domestic heating –Emission control technologies –Criteria Pollutants: SO 2, NO, NO 2, NOx, SPM, CO, O 3, THC, CH 4 and nMHC The principle greenhouse gases include: – water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, and some engineered chemicals such as cholorofluorocarbons. –Smog, Air Quality and Acid Rain

4. 25/04/2007INGAS 20074 Photochemical SMOG Istanbul population 13-15 millions population increase 3.1% per year. In the 1992-1993 winters, there are 37 cities which exceeded the short-term (400  g/m3) and 55 cities which exceeded the long-term (150  g/m3) SO2 limits set by Turkish Air Quality Legislation

5. 25/04/2007INGAS 20075 General Ideas in Air Pollution 1.Improve dispersion: I.Tall stacks II.Intermittent control scheme shut down plant temporary fuel switching (Natural Gas) Production curtailment (reduction). III.Relocate plant 2.Reduce emissions by process change Switching fuel: coal  natural gas, improve air quality. 3.Use a down stream pollution control devices

6. 25/04/2007INGAS 20076 Fossil Fuel Emission Levels (Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input) Pollutant Natural Gas OilCoal Carbon Dioxide117,000164,000208,000 Carbon Monoxide4033208 Nitrogen Oxides92448457 Sulfur Dioxide11,1222,591 Particulates7842,744 Mercury0.0000.0070.016 Source: EIA - Natural Gas Issues and Trends 1998

7. 25/04/2007INGAS 20077 Study Area and Measured Pollutants The air pollution data used in this study has been collected during 1996-2001 from the urban city of Istanbul (40°N, 29°E). The monitoring locations are: Beşiktaş, Esenler, Kartal, Saraçhane, Sarıyer, Ümraniye, Yenibosna, Üsküdar and Kadıköy

8. 25/04/2007INGAS 20078 The locations of sampling stations

9. 25/04/2007INGAS 20079

10. 25/04/2007INGAS 200710 Source: Ozturk H.K., 2005

11. 25/04/2007INGAS 200711 Yearly total natural gas consumption (m 3 /month) in Istanbul

12. 25/04/2007INGAS 200712 Annual averages concentrations (μg/m 3 ) of air pollutants in Istanbul air YearSO 2 PMCONONO X NO 2 THCCH 4 nMHCO3O3 199663.155.086874.7123.250.51844159823823.5 199750.146.258060.2105.145.11538136615922.5 199836.056.61084102.1168.066.01732142532815.1 199928.856.293456.5101.645.31787159119113.1 200026.564.0101146.199.746.41757145329512.3 Average43.657.4895.470.8122.45317311486242.220

13. 25/04/2007INGAS 200713 Average daily emission limits of some criteria pollutants Criteria Pollutants/ Standard SO 2 PM 10 Turkish Environmental Standard 400300 WHO 125-- EPA 365150 EU 12550 Source: http://www.ibb.gov.tr/minisite/hava/index.htm

14. 25/04/2007INGAS 200714 Correlation table for air pollution data. SO 2 PMCONONO X NO 2 THCCH 4 nMHCO3O3 SO 2 10.61 0.410.290.020.060.030.09-0.33 PM 10.740.320.340.200.230.070.39-0.45 CO 10.270.230.070.190.120.23-0.49 NO 10.910.580.240.110.44-0.42 NO X 10.790.220.110.42-0.33 NO 2 10.04-0.0050.23-0.04 THC 10.9180.73-0.34 CH 4 10.42-0.19 nMHC 1-0.47

15. 25/04/2007INGAS 200715 Winter time concentrations of air pollutants between 1995 and 2001

16. 25/04/2007INGAS 200716 Wintertime SO2 levels distribution over Istanbul city.

17. 25/04/2007INGAS 200717 Summertime SO2 levels distribution over Istanbul city.

18. 25/04/2007INGAS 200718 Conclusions Mounting energy consumption and automobile ownership have increased air pollution. Turkey continues to develop its economy, the problem likely will intensify unless preventive actions are undertaken. The careful analysis of the air quality over Istanbul city during the past two decades indicates a significant decrease in some air pollutants like, SO 2, and ozone.

19. 25/04/2007INGAS 200719 The main reason of this significant decrease was that the conventional fuels (low quality coal and fuel oil), which has high sulfur contents has been slowly replaced by natural gas which has nearly no SO 2 emissions. This may be the most significant evidence about the efforts done by İGDAŞ-IBB However, some other pollutants like NO, NO 2, NOx, nMHC,etc. have not changed significantly.

20. 25/04/2007INGAS 200720 Acknowledgments Authors are gratefully acknowledged to Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB) and “for providing air pollution data and for İGDAŞ for providing natural gas consumption data.

21. 25/04/2007INGAS 200721 Thany you....