Challenges and Changes in the Movement Chapter 21 Sec 3

I. African Americans Seek Greater Equality A. Northern Segregation 1. Problem was with de facto segregation which is segregation that exists by practice and custom. 2. De facto segregation can be harder to fight than de jure segregation, or segregation by law because it requires to changing people’s attitudes rather than laws. 3. Blacks lived in the slums in the inner city and whites had migrated to the suburbs.

II. New Leaders Voice Discontent A. African American Solidarity 1. Malcolm X spoke for the Nation of Islam, or Black Muslims The leader of the Nation of Islam was Elijah Muhammad 2. Malcolm X preached that whites were the cause of the black condition and that blacks should separate from white society. 3. He advocated armed defense. 4. Malcolm changed his tune when he made a pilgrimage to Mecca and realized Islam preached racial equality. 5. He came back with a new slogan “ballots or bullets.” 6. Malcolm was shot by a fellow Nation of Islam member on Feb. 21, 1965.

Elijah Mohammed

B. Black Power 1. Black Power was “a call for black people to define their own goals… and to lead their own organizations.” 2. Stokely Carmichael coined the idea/phrase of Black Power to focus on developing African American pride. 3. Scared many whites.

Black Power Salute @ Olympics

C. Black Panthers 1. Created by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, CA in 1965. 2. They were organized to fight police brutality in the ghettos. They also set up daycare centers, breakfast programs, free clinics, etc. 3. Believed blacks should be exempt from military service because an unfair number had fought in the Vietnam War. 4. Had shootouts with police and were investigated by the FBI, however, the group did help the poor and homeless in the ghettos.

III. 1968-A Turning Point in Civil Rights A. Kings Death and Robert Kennedy’s Death 1. King was shot by James Earl Gray while delivering a speech on April 3, 1968. 2. Kennedy was scheduled to speak in a black area of Indianapolis and he pleaded with people to not riot. 3. Despite his plea riots broke out in over 100 cities and in June of 1968 Kennedy was shot by a Jordanian immigrant angry over Kennedy’s support of Israel.

IV. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement A. Kerner Commission 1. LBJ appointed the Kerner Commission to investigate the reasons of the urban violence. The Kerner Commission reported that: One cause: white racism The country was moving toward 2 societies, one white, one black.

B. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement 1. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 ended discrimination in housing. 2. Gave African Americans greater pride in their racial identity. 3. Made substantial political gains-2/3 of blacks were registered to vote. 4. de jure segregation was ended.

C. Unfinished Work 1. Challenges still include housing and job discrimination, educational inequality, poverty, and racism. 2. Lack of jobs remain a problem. 3. Blacks attend predominantly black schools. 4. Affirmative Action was tried Programs that make special effort to hire or enroll groups of people that have suffered discrimination Criticized as “reverse discrimination”