Royalists and Patriots: The Reign of Henry III ( ) Legacy of King John Relations with the Barons Royal Minority Accession of a Young King Regency Government Royal Majority A King Coming of Age Clashes with Nobility Clashes with the Church Rebellion and War Complaints of the Rebels Course of Battles On the Laws and Customs of England, manuscript copy, c. 1300

King John’s Legacy Royal Ambitions Attempts to Regain Normandy Excessive & Arbitrary Taxation Baronial Identities Local Lordship Rule of Law, Justice Submission to Rome Interdict ( ) England a Papal Fief (1213) Key Themes: Kingship, Nobility, Rome King John

The Minority of Henry III (1216-7) A Young King John’s Death, October, 1216 Henry 9 Years Old Baronial Opposition to John Alliance with French Crown (Prince Louis) South, London Early Allies of the King Peter, Bishop of Winchester Ranulf, Earl of Chester William the Marshal, Earl of Pembroke Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent End of French Forces, Claim, 1217 Louis Out; Claim Rescinded Seal of Henry III (Later Copy)

The Regency William the Marshal (1217-9) 1 st Regent; Lower Taxes; Judicial Process Hubert de Burgh (1220s) Instance of Faction Effects Increased Influence of Local Lords Lowered, Justified Taxes Political Rivalry Among Nobility Crown-Magnate Fence-Mending Legal Traditions – Common Law De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae Assemblies of Royal Counselors - Parley William the Marshal, Jousting

The Majority of Henry III (1227-) Henry’s Coming of Age Self-Declared at 19 Years Increasingly Autocratic Style Fall of Hubert de Burgh, 1232 Central > Local Powers Personal & International Ambitions Marriage Alliances, 1235 & 1236 Frederick II, HRE (German) Eleanor of Provence (French) French Invasions, 1240s Sicilian Affair, 1250s Clashes with Nobility Power Plays in the Localities Taxation Styles qua John Henry III, c. 1620; National Portrait Gallery, London

Henry III and the Church Royal Piety Edward the Confessor as Model Austerity of Dress & Manner Dedication to the Mass, Sacraments Royal and Papal Power England a Papal Fief, 1213 Nomination of Bishops; Nepotism Jurisdiction (Courts) Robert Grosseteste (b. c.1175, d. 1253) Teaching at Oxford, Bishop of Lincoln, Conflict on Ecclesiastical Privilege Opposition to Rome on non-English Appointments Grosseteste, BL, Royal MS 6. E V; 14 th century

Rebellion Reaction from the Nobility Taxes & Scutage Provisions of Oxford, 1258 Council of 24 (½ Royal; ½ Noble) Latin, French, English Simon de Montfort Leader of the Rebel Barons Notions of Communitas Angliae Papal Dispensation vs. Pro. of Oxford Return of Assertion of Royal Power Descent to War (Montfort vs. Henry/Edward) Lewes, Baronial Victory, May, 1264 Evesham, Royal Victory, August, 1265 Battle of Lewes, 1264