Chapter 8

 Monarchs, Nobles and the Church  How was power distributed amongst these groups in the middle ages?  How did monarchs try to centralize their power?

 Middle Ages – Angles, Saxons, and Vikings invaded and settled in England  England exception to the rule – how was feudalism different there?  The Norman Conquest  Why did the Duke of Normandy attack anglo-saxon King Edward’s brother, Harold?  What is the significance of the Battle of Hastings in 1066?  Why does William win?

 William the Conqueror  How does the new king of England try to centralize his control?  1.  2.  3.  4.  5.

 Tracing the Evolution of Law and Parliament  Henry II – 1154  What did Henry do that continued to format law while still centralizing his power?  Conflict with the Church – What problems emerged between Henry and the RCC?  What happened to the archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Beckett?

 Evolving Traditions of English Government  What happened in England between the monarch and the barons?  John’s Troubles  Faced 3 powerful enemies: King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III and his own English nobles  How did he deal with each one?

 The Magna Carta – What is it?  Who made King John sign it in 1215?  In this document the king affirmed a long list of feudal rights  What were these rights?  What is the significance of this document?  it asserted that the nobles had certain rights that would eventually be given to all English citizens  it was clear that the monarch must obey the law

 Development of Parliament  During the 1200’s the Great Council evolved into Parliament  Helped to unify England  The assembly of nobles clergy, eventually middle class and the “commons” became known as the Model Parliament  In time became two house body  House of Lords and House of Commons  Parliament could “check” the power of the king

 Successors of Charlemagne had little power over the territories ruled by the great feudal nobles  HOW DID EACH ATTEMPT TO CENTRALIZE?  The Capetians  987 – Hugh Capet count of Paris took the throne  Important Achievements:

 Philip Augustus  Phillip II  How did he centralize control during his reign?

 Louis IX King and Saint  Ideal of the perfect medieval monarch  Generous, noble, and devoted to justice and chivalry  How did he try to centralize power?

 Philip IV Clashes with the Pope  Ruthlessly extended royal power  Tried to collect new taxes from the clergy  Clashed with Boniface VIII  How did they clash?  Avignon Papacy  French pope elected and moved the papacy to Avignon France to ensure French kings can control religion within their own regions

 What is the Estates General?  Why was it set up?  How is it similar and different when compared to England’s parliament?

 Conflict between Popes and Emperor  Pope Gregory VII  Determined to make the church independent of secular rulers  He banned the practice of lay investiture – when a lay person installed a bishop in office  Emperor Henry IV  Angered by Pope Gregory’s actions the two exchanged insulting notes  How did the pope react?  What is the significance of the 1122 Concordat of Worms?

 Innocent III office 1198  Why is he considered the most powerful pope of the Middle Ages?  Who did he target and why?  Monarchs started to get stronger and centralized their power

 The Crusades  Causes:  What were the causes?  What council did Pope Urban II call after Emperor Alexius I ask him for help?  Why did the pope agree to help?

 What motivated the Europeans to go fight in the Holy Land?

 Who was Saladin?  Who sacked Constantinople and why?  Why did the Europeans lose the Crusades?

 Effects of the Crusades on Europe 1. Economic Expansion – how? 2. Increased Power of Monarchs – how, why? 3. The Church – what changed? 4. A Wider World View – how so? 5. Religious Anger turned toward Jews – how, why?

 What was the Reconquista?  Why did it happen?  What monarchs initiated it?  What were the effects?

 Medieval Universities  Why did they spring up in the Middle Ages? What were their purpose?  Academic Guilds – what are they?  Cathedrals to train clergy  Student life  What was it like to be a student?

 Women and education  Were women allowed to be educated, why or whynot?  Christine de Pizan  Writer born in Italy moved to the French court  The City of Ladies  Questioned several imaginary characters about men’s negative views on women  What role should women play according to men?

 Spread of learning  Who was responsible for bringing the interest of learning back to the Europeans?  Philosophy  Aristotle taught that people should use reason to discover basic truths  Christians accepted many ideas on faith – clash  To try to resolve conflict – Scholasticism used reason to support Christian beliefs  Resolve conflict between faith and reason  Scholastic thinker Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologica  Examined Christian teachings in the light of reason  He brought together Christian faith and classical Greek philosophy  Science and Mathematics  Why did science not make many advancements during the Middle Ages?

 Writings began to appear in the vernacular  Literature Included epics or long narrative poems  Spain’s Poem of the Cid  Dante’s Divine Comedy  Italian poet Dante Alighieri takes the reader through an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory where souls await forgiveness and then his vision of heaven  Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales  Band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb  Characters each have to tell a story

 Romanesque  What did it look like?  Gothic  What did Gothic Cathedrals look like?  Why did they have stained glass windows?  Illuminated manuscripts  What were they and what was their purpose?  The following slides are taken from a Historyteacher.net ppt

Romanesque Floor Plans

St. Filibert, France, 10 c

Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral

The Gothic Cathedral

Gothic Floor Plans

Canterbury Cathedral, England

Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12 c “Flying” Buttresses

Flying Buttress

Gothic “Filigree” Closeups

Cathedral Gargoyles

Stained Glass Windows Á For the glory of God. Á For religious instructions.

Notre Dame Cathedral

Á Giotto Á 1305 Á Tempera on wood and ground gold. The Crucifixion

 The Black Death  Causes:  What spread it?  Where did it spread to?  Where was it the most dangerous?  Why?

Fleas Carried “Yersinia Pestis” Bacteria Rats Brown rats infested all homes and the streets of cities Cities Poor sanitation Larger population = more people living closer

Gobi Desert China 1320s Mongol hordes brought the bacteria to cities Spread across Asia via trade routes Caffa, Black Sea Genoese sailors fleeing Mongols carried disease on their ship Sicily, Europe First account in Messina, Sicily Ship was quarantined but the fleas and rats escaped and began to spread the Plague Within two months, half the population of Messina was dead

 Why was the Plague so deadly?

 Bring Out Your Dead!  Most people died within three days of the tumors appearing  Death rates were so high that the disposal of bodies became an issue  In Italy a group known as the becchini hired themselves out to carry away the dead.  In some families, sick members were left in the homes to die while the rest fled elsewhere  Where could they flee where they may have a chance at surviving?

 Medicine  People still believed that disease was spread by poisons vapors that corrupted the air  People walked around holding their noses or carrying around flowers  The Faculty of the University of Paris argued that the plague was the result of the conjunction of the planets, Saturn, Mars and Jupiter

 Flagellants  Who were they?  What did they do to themselves?  What effect did this have on the spread of the plague?  Why did they do what they did?

 Europeans looked for someone, or something to blame for this horrific plague, such as?  Witches  Women were accused of being witches especially surrounding the death of so many people  They were midwives and also cared for the sick

 Europeans looked for someone, or The Jews were the ones who suffered the most  Why?  Massacres of Jews took place in Germany  Groups were burned as witches

 Social  Estimates are around 25 million out of 44 million perished (approximately 1/3 to ½ Europe’s population)  Effects on the Church?  Art  Reflected death in the 1300s and 1400s

 Political  Feudal system was weakened by the shortage of labor  Peasant revolts occurred throughout Europe  The most famous one was the English Peasant Revolt in 1381  Economic  The shortage of workers created a demand for higher wages and prices

The Hundred Years War  Causes  What were the causes?  English Victories  Use of the longbow – many victories and took a toll on French morale

The Hundred Years War  Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in this war?  French Victories  The French troops with the use of canons were able to remove the English from all of France except Calais

The Hundred Years War - Effects  France  Expanding power and national unity  England  Rulers had to ask parliament for money to fight war  This helped parliament win the “power of the purse”  Medieval World  Long bow and cannon became common weapons for soldiers and undermined knights  Castles could not survive canons  New monarchs of Europe needed armies not vassals to fight wars  By 1400’s population starts to grow  Manufacturing too  Italian cities start to flourish with trade  Stage is set for Renaissance, Reformation and Age of Exploration