Thirty Years’ War: 1. Bohemian (1618-25) 2. Danish (1625-29) 3. Swedish (1630-35) 4. Swedish-French (1635-48) Map Link: The Thirty Years’ War: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/

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Presentation transcript:

Thirty Years’ War: 1. Bohemian ( ) 2. Danish ( ) 3. Swedish ( ) 4. Swedish-French ( ) Map Link: The Thirty Years’ War: < Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg/462px-Map_Thirty_Years _War-en.svg.png_War-en.svg.png>

Causes: 1. Rise of Calvinism 2. Catholic ambitions 3. French-Habsburg tensions 4. Fragmented Holy Roman Empire

1617 Ferdinand of Habsburg elected King of Bohemia 1618 Defenestration of Ferdinand’s officials in Prague 1619 Ferdinand elected Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand II, r )

1608 Formation of Protestant Union by Frederick V 1609 Formation of Catholic League 1619 Rebellion in Bohemia in favour of Frederick V, supported by Protestant Union and Transylvanians. Opposed by Catholic Union and Spanish under Maximilian of Bavaria and Count Johannes von Tilly ( )

8th Nov 1620 Battle of the White Mountain 1621 Dissolution of Protestant Union

Christian IV of Denmark (r ), also Duke of Holstein Albrecht Wallenstein ( ) Wallenstein and Tilly defeat Christian and invade Jutland

22nd May 1629 Christian IV renounces ambitions in Germany Mecklenburg lands given to Wallenstein 6th Mar 1629 Ferdinand II issues Edict of Restitution: Prohibits Calvinist worship Orders return of Catholic Church’s property

1630 Diet of Regensburg demands dismissal of Wallenstein and his army Gustavus II Adolphus (r ), the “Lion of the North” July 1630 Adolphus lands in Pomerania

17th Sep 1631 Adolphus defeats Tilly at Breitenfeld, near Leipzig 16th Nov 1632 Battle of Lützen, near Leipzig, between Adolphus and Wallenstein

Axel Oxenstierna leads Swedish campaign after Adolphus’ death 25th Feb 1634 Wallenstein killed by Irish mercenary 6th Sep 1634 Imperial and Spanish forces defeat Swedes at Nördlingen Ferdinand II takes most of Germany, but annuls Edict of Restitution

Pope Urban VIII (p ) 1640 Rebellions in Portugal and Catalonia 19th May 1643 French defeat Spanish at Rocroi in Netherlands Ferdinand III (r )

1643 Start of peace talks 1648 Peace of Westphalia 1659 Peace of the Pyrenees, between France and Spain 1660 Peace agreements between Sweden and Denmark, and Sweden and Poland 1667 Peace agreement between Poland and Russia

Map Link: Europe, 1648: < map_1648.PNGmap_1648.PNG>

Peace of Westphalia: Ceding territory to France and Sweden Reaffirming Peace of Augsburg, extended to Calvinists Halting Catholic recovery of Holy Roman Empire

Map Link: The Holy Roman Empire, 1648:

German states effectively sovereign, with right to conduct international diplomacy Consent of Reichstag required for new laws, taxes, wars – destroying power of the emperor Vacuum in Germany– to be filled by French, English, Dutch

Political changes: Establishing modern system of sovereign states Absence of religious or political unity in Europe Reduced influence of religion on politics - now trumped by state interests

Human impact of war: looting, death, torture, starvation, disease

Otto von Guericke ( ): Scientist, inventor, politician from Magdeburg Burgomeister (mayor) of Magdeburg 1650 Invents air pump, investigates vacuums and air pressure 1663 Invents first electrostatic generator