1. Map Link: Religious Divisions in France during the Wars of
Religion:
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art/figures/KISH291.jpg>

2. Sources of Tension in 16th c. France:
Relations of Valois kings with nobles and
towns
Discontented peasantry
Royal control of the church
Catholics vs. Calvinists (Huguenots)

3. Major players:
Valois kings (Catholic)
Noble families: Guise (Catholic),
Montmorency (Catholic),
Bourbon (Huguenot)
Catholics and Huguenots

4. 1559 Death of Henry II of France (r. 1547-1559)
while jousting
Francis II (r )
Catherine de’ Medici ( )

5. 1560 Bourbon (Huguenot) conspiracy to kidnap
Francis II foiled. Francis dies and is
succeeded by Charles IX (r )
Wars between Catholics and Huguenots
in France
24th Aug 1572 Scheduled date for peace
celebrations in France (St Bartholomew’s
Day)
Margaret of Valois Henry of Navarre
(Catholic) (Bourbon, Huguenot)

6. Gaspard de Coligny (Huguenot leader)
23rd Aug 1572 Charles IX orders extermination
of Huguenot leadership
24th Aug St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, led
by Henry of Guise
“Kill them, kill them all, it is the king’s
command!”

7. 1574-89 Reign of Henry III as king of France
1576 Henry makes peace with Huguenots.
Catholic dévots (fanatics) form Catholic
League
politiques (moderates)
Michel de Montaigne ( ) Essays

8. 1584 Death of Duke of Anjou (heir to throne).
Henry of Navarre becomes heir. Leads to…
War of the Three Henries ( ):
King Henry III of Valois (Catholic, “King”)
Henry of Guise (Catholic, “Guise”)
Henry of Navarre (Bourbon, Huguenot
“Navarre”)

9. 1585 King initially allies with Navarre and Duke
of Montmorency vs. Guise, but switches sides
Catherine de’ Medici and Guise overturn
edicts tolerating Huguenots
1587 Navarre defeats King’s forces at Courtras
May 1588 Guise marches on Paris. Parisians
drive King out, make Guise “King of Paris.”
King makes Cardinal de Bourbon his heir

10. 22nd Dec 1588 King has Guise killed
King allies with Navarre vs. Catholic League
1st Apr 1589 King killed. Navarre becomes king
Henry IV (r )

11. 1589-94 Henry IV defeats enemies, takes
control of France
1593 Henry IV reconverts to Catholicism, but
retains Huguenot counsellor Duke de Sully
( )
“Paris is well worth a Mass.”
Marie de’ Medici ( )

12. 1595-98 Henry IV fights war with Spain
1598 Last forces of Catholic League capitulate.
Henry IV issues Edict of Nantes
Economic reform
“Henri le Grand” (Henry the Great)
14th May 1610 Henry IV killed by monk
François Ravaillac

13. Louis XIII (r )
1617 Louis exiles Marie de’ Medici
1622 Louis completes suppression of rebellions
1624 Louis appoints Armand Jean du Plessis de
Richelieu as first minister

14. Extending royal power:
32 généralités (districts)
Subduing Huguenots and others
Opposing Spain in Thirty Years’ War ( )
Defeating opponents

15. Strengthening French Monarchy:
Enhanced prestige of monarch
Improving financial health of kingdom
Asserting position on European stage
Asserting military power
Laying foundation for absolute monarchy

16. Thirty Years’ War: 1. Bohemian (1618-25) 2. Danish (1625-29)
3. Swedish ( )
4. Swedish-French ( )
Map Link: The Thirty Years’ War:
<
Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg/462px-Map_Thirty_Years
_War-en.svg.png>

17. Causes:
1. Rise of Calvinism
2. Catholic ambitions
3. French-Habsburg tensions
4. Fragmented Holy Roman Empire

18. 1617 Ferdinand of Habsburg elected King of
Bohemia
1618 Defenestration of Ferdinand’s officials
in Prague
1619 Ferdinand elected Holy Roman Emperor
(Ferdinand II, r )

19. 1608 Formation of Protestant Union by
Frederick V
1609 Formation of Catholic League
1619 Rebellion in Bohemia in favour of
Frederick V, supported by Protestant Union
and Transylvanians. Opposed by Catholic
Union and Spanish under Maximilian
of Bavaria and Count Johannes von Tilly
( )

20. 8th Nov 1620 Battle of the White Mountain
1621 Dissolution of Protestant Union

21. Christian IV of Denmark (r. 1588-1648), also
Duke of Holstein
Albrecht Wallenstein ( )
Wallenstein and Tilly defeat Christian
and invade Jutland

22. 22nd May 1629 Christian IV renounces
ambitions in Germany
Mecklenburg lands given to Wallenstein
6th Mar 1629 Ferdinand II issues Edict of
Restitution:
Prohibits Calvinist worship
Orders return of Catholic Church’s property

23. 1630 Diet of Regensburg demands dismissal of
Wallenstein and his army
Gustavus II Adolphus (r ), the “Lion
of the North”
July 1630 Adolphus lands in Pomerania

24. 17th Sep 1631 Adolphus defeats Tilly at
Breitenfeld, near Leipzig
16th Nov 1632 Battle of Lützen, near Leipzig,
between Adolphus and Wallenstein

25. Axel Oxenstierna leads Swedish campaign
after Adolphus’ death
25th Feb 1634 Wallenstein killed by Irish
mercenary
6th Sep 1634 Imperial and Spanish forces
defeat Swedes at Nördlingen
Ferdinand II takes most of Germany, but
annuls Edict of Restitution

26. Pope Urban VIII (p )
1640 Rebellions in Portugal and Catalonia
19th May 1643 French defeat Spanish at
Rocroi in Netherlands
Ferdinand III (r )

27. 1643 Start of peace talks
1648 Peace of Westphalia
1659 Peace of the Pyrenees, between France
and Spain
1660 Peace agreements between Sweden and
Denmark, and Sweden and Poland
1667 Peace agreement between Poland and
Russia

28. Map Link: Europe, 1648:
<
map_1648.PNG>

29. Peace of Westphalia:
Ceding territory to France and Sweden
Reaffirming Peace of Augsburg, extended to
Calvinists
Halting Catholic recovery of Holy Roman
Empire

30. Map Link: The Holy Roman Empire, 1648:
<

31. German states effectively sovereign, with
right to conduct international diplomacy
Consent of Reichstag required for new
laws, taxes, wars – destroying power of
the emperor
Vacuum in Germany– to be filled by
French, English, Dutch

32. Political changes:
Establishing modern system of sovereign
states
Absence of religious or political unity in
Europe
Reduced influence of religion on politics
- now trumped by state interests

33. Human impact of war: looting, death, torture,
starvation, disease

34. Jacques-Auguste de Thou (Thuanus, 1553-1617)
French statesman, bibliophile, historiographer
Studied law, but became canon of Notre Dame.
Served as councillor of state, then (in 1595),
became president of Paris parlement

35. Jacques-Auguste de Thou (Thuanus, 1553-1617)
1598 Negotiated Edict of Nantes
Opposed Council of Trent, persecuted by
Catholic Church
Historia sui Temporis (History of His Own
Time), banned by Catholic Church