1. The Emergence of the Modern State
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Wars of Religion
The Emergence of the Modern State
The state was more important than it’s ruler and more the expression of his wishes.
The state had a particular set of interests and necessities.
These might violate ordinary religious or ethical standards.

2. Characteristics of a Modern State.
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Effective Armed Forces
An abled bureaucracy
A theory of state that restrained dynastic exuberance and defined the political interests in practical terms.
Characteristics of a Modern State.

3. Cuius regio, eius religio
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Peace of Augsburg
Reinforce German particularism.
Secularized the institutions of the emperor
Ended the fighting between German Protestants and Catholic Princes.
Cuius regio, eius religio
Families relocated to states with the same religious denomination.
1572, French Huguenots (Protestants) led a revolt against Catholic dominated France.
1572, Dutch Protestants led a revolt against Spanish Catholic authority.
Cuius regio, eius religio is a phrase in Latin that means, "Whose the region is, his religion." In other words, the religion of the king or other ruler would be the religion of the people. The principle was as old as state Christianity, established in Armenia and in the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine.
In the Reformation, the old principle was granted new life. It was the terminology used in the Peace of Augsburg embodied in the treaty signed in 1555 between the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, to determine the religious makeup of Germany in a compromise between Lutheran and Catholic forces.
However, the ideal of individual religious tolerance on a national level was not addressed: neither the Reformed nor Radical churches (Anabaptists and Calvinists being the prime examples) were protected under the peace. Many Protestant groups living under the rule of a Lutheran prince still found themselves in danger of the charge of heresy
Cuius regio, eius religio

4. Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse rode across Central Europe
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Thirty Years War
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse rode across Central Europe
Unprecedented intensity.
Armies of unprecedented size.
Involved almost all of the powers of Europe.
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse rode across Central Europe.

5. Causes Dynastic Rivalries Religious Antagonism
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Dynastic Rivalries
Religious Antagonism
Factionalism in the Holy Roman Empire (1000 German states)
1356, the constitutional law of the Holy “Roman Empire is established.
Seven electors, four princes and three arch-bishops, elected the Emperor.
Causes

6. A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Rudolf II ( ) king of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor launched a religious crusade against Protestantism.
Rudolf’s brother, Arch Duke, king of Hapsburg, withdrew his religious toleration.
Rudolf II (and his successor Matthais) were supportive towards their subjects' religious choices, being aware of the deathly evils and turmoil England had suffered due to official religious intolerance starting in under King Henry VIII and his successors.
They avoided religious wars within the empire by allowing the different religions to spread there, which upset those who wanted religious uniformity.
Sweden and Denmark, meanwhile, were both Lutheran kingdoms and sought to assist the Protestant cause in the empire as well as to gain political and economic influence.
Decline of the power of the Holy Roman Emperor.
Rulers of some member states began to undermine imperial political institutions.
Acts of intolerance heated up religious rivalry.
Origins

8. Expansion of Catholic and Protestantism Antagonism
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Emperor Rudolf II refuses to increase Protestant representation.
German Catholic states sought Spanish intervention.
1609, Maximilian of Bavaria organizes the Catholic League.
Six Protestant princes for Protestant Union.
These tensions broke into violence in the German free city of Donauwörth in The Lutheran majority barred the Catholic residents of the Swabian town from holding a procession, causing a violent riot to break out. This prompted foreign intervention by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria ( ) on behalf of the Catholics.
Catholics to band together in the Catholic League (created in 1609 ) under the leadership of the afore-mentioned Duke Maximilian.
Expansion of Catholic and Protestantism Antagonism

9. Arch-duke Ferdinand of Austria
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Becomes Holy Roman Emperor 1619.
Launches a Catholic Crusade.
Ferdinand disbanded assemblies.
Ferdinand, who became King of Bohemia and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, was a staunch Catholic who had been educated by the Jesuits and who wanted to restore Catholicism.
Arch-duke Ferdinand of Austria

10. Cultural and Societal Differences
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
The Roman Empire was centered around the Med. The Medieval world was centered around Western Europe.
Rome’s society evolved around the city. Germanic Medieval societies were thinly populated and intensely rural.
Commerce and cities began to decline following the fall of Rome.
Trade declined and people left the city.
Europe becomes an agrarian economy based on subsistent farming.
Germanic military tradition was based on the principle of folk I- in - arms.
Cultural and Societal Differences

11. Defenestration of Prague
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Protestants carried a petition to Prague’s Hradcany Palace.
Stormed Catholic council chambers.
The Second Defenestration of Prague was an event central to the initiation of the Thirty Years' War in 1618.
Some of the Bohemian aristocracy was effectively in revolt following the 1617 election of Ferdinand, Duke of Styria and a Catholic, to become the successor King of Bohemia.
In 1617, Roman Catholic officials ordered the construction of some Protestant chapels (on land the Catholic clergy claimed belonged to them) to cease, which Protestants (saying it was royal, not Catholic Church, land and thus available for their own use) interpreted as a violation of the right of freedom of religious expression as granted in the Letter of Majesty that had been issued by Emperor Rudolf II in 1609
They feared that the fiercely Catholic Ferdinand would revoke the Protestant rights altogether once he came to the throne. At Prague Castle on May 23, 1618, an assembly of Protestants tried two Imperial governors, Wilhelm Graf Slavata ( ) and Jaroslav Borzita Graf von Martinicz ( ), for violating the Letter of Majesty, found them guilty and threw them, together with their scribe Fabricius, out of the high castle windows, where they landed on a large and conveniently-placed pile of manure. Both survived
Impromptu trial and hurled two Catholics our the window.
Neither killed by the fall.
Defenestration of Prague

12. A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War

13. A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Protestant leaders established a provisional government in Bohemia.
Bohemia rose in full revolt against the church and the Hapsburgs.
Following the Defenestration of Prague, 1618, Protestant leaders established a provisional government in Bohemia.
Bohemia rose in full revolt against the church and the Hapsburgs.
Bohemian Revolt 1618

14. Internationalization of the Protestant Cause
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Ferdinand II
Frederick V
Being without descendents, Emperor Mathias sought to assure an orderly transition during his lifetime by having his dynastic heir (that fiercely Catholic, Ferdinand of Styria, later Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Empreror) elected to the separate royal thrones of Bohemia and Hungary.
Some of the Protestant leaders of Bohemia feared losing the religious rights granted to them by Emperor Rudolf II and so preferred the Protestant Frederick V, elector of the Palatinate
But other Protestants supported the position also taken by the Catholic forces and so in 1617 Ferdinand was duly elected by the Bohemian Estates to become crown prince, and automatically, upon the death of Mathias, the next King of Bohemia.
Ferdinand, who became King of Bohemia and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, was a staunch Catholic who had been educated by the Jesuits and who wanted to restore Catholicism.
When the king-elect sent two Catholic councillors (Martinitz and Slavata ) as his representatives to Hradčany castle in Prague in May 1618 to administer the government in his absence, the Bohemian Calvinists seized them, subjected them to a mock trial, and threw them out of a palace window.
the death of Emperor Mathias in 1619 emboldened the rebellious Protestant leaders who had been on the verge of a settlement. The weaknesses of both Ferdinand (now officially on the throne after the death of Emperor Mathias) and of the Bohemians themselves led to the spread of the war to western Germany. Ferdinand was compelled to call on his cousin, King Philip IV of Spain for assistance.
Internationalization of the Protestant Cause

15. Dynastic considerations.
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Dynastic considerations.
Ferdinand received enough votes to become Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
Protestant rebels refused to recognize his authority and offered the throne to Frederick.
Ferdinand, without an army, turned to outside help.
When the king-elect sent two Catholic councillors (Martinitz and Slavata ) as his representatives to Hradčany castle in Prague in May 1618 to administer the government in his absence, the Bohemian Calvinists seized them, subjected them to a mock trial, and threw them out of a palace window.
the death of Emperor Mathias in 1619 emboldened the rebellious Protestant leaders who had been on the verge of a settlement. The weaknesses of both Ferdinand (now officially on the throne after the death of Emperor Mathias) and of the Bohemians themselves led to the spread of the war to western Germany. Ferdinand was compelled to call on his cousin, King Philip IV of Spain for assistance.

16. Expansion of the Conflict
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
The Catholic Leagues success increased the determination to crush all Protestant resistance.
Also increase Protestant determination to survive.
The Bohemians, desperate for allies against the Emperor, applied to be admitted to the Protestant Union, led by their original candidate for the Bohemian throne, the Calvinist Frederick V, Elector Palatine.
The rebellion initially favoured the Bohemians. They were joined in revolt by much of Upper Austria whose nobility was Lutheran and Calvinist
The Spanish sent an army from Brussels under Ambrosio Spinola to support the Emperor
Under the command of General Tilly, the Catholic League army (which included René Descartes in its ranks) pacified Upper Austria, while the Emperor's forces pacified Lower Austria; united, the two moved north into Bohemia. Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague on 8 November Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for three hundred years.
It was a serious blow to Protestant ambitions in the region. The rebellion effectively collapsed and widespread confiscations of property and suppression of the pre-existing Bohemian nobility ensured that the country would return to the Catholic fold after more than two centuries of Hussite and other religious dissent.
Expansion of the Conflict

17. A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Christian IV, the Protestant king of Denmark, led his troops into northern Germany against Frederick
Subsidized by England and France
The Danish Period began when Christian IV of Denmark( ) the King of Denmark, himself a Lutheran, helped the Germans by leading an army against the Holy Roman Empire, fearing that Denmark's sovereignty as a Protestant nation was being threatened.
Christian invaded at the head of a mercenary army of 20,000 men .
The Danish Period

18. A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War

19. Albert Wallenstein (1583 - 1634)
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Catholic entrusted by Ferdinand
Crushed the Danish general.
To fight him off, Ferdinand II employed the military help of Albrecht von Wallenstein, a Bohemian nobleman who had made himself rich off the confiscated estates of his countrymen.
Wallenstein pledged his army of between 30,000 and 100,000 soldiers to Ferdinand II in return for the right to plunder the captured territories. Christian, who knew nothing of Wallenstein's existence when he invaded, was forced to retire before the combination of Wallenstein and Tilly would annihilate his army
Albert Wallenstein ( )

20. Treaty of Lubeck and Edict of Resititution
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
This led to the Treaty of Lübeck (1629), in which Christian IV abandoned his support for the Protestants in order to keep his control over Denmark. In the following two years more land was subjugated by Catholic powers.
At this point, the war could have been concluded, but the Catholic League persuaded Ferdinand II to take back the Lutheran holdings that were, according to the Peace of Augsburg, rightfully the possession of the Catholic Church. Described in the Edict of Restitution of (1629), these included two Archbishoprics, sixteen bishoprics, and hundreds of monasteries
The Edict resulted in a great transfer of power and property away from the Protestants to the Catholics. Thousands of Protestants fled to Protestant controlled states.
Treaty of Lubeck and Edict of Resititution

21. Swedish Interlude Gustavus Adolphus, “Lion of the North”
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Gustavus Adolphus, “Lion of the North”
Entered the war on the Protestant side.
Subdued Poland.
Battled against Wallenstein at Lutzen, and was killed.
Gustavus Adolphus, like Christian IV before him, came to aid the German Lutherans, to forestall Catholic aggression against their homeland and to obtain economic influence in the German states around the Baltic Sea.
In addition to those reasons, Gustavus was also concerned about the growing power of the Holy Roman Empire. Also like Christian IV, Adolphus was subsidized by Richelieu, the Chief Minister of King Louis XIII of France, and by the Dutch
Some within Ferdinand II's court believed that Wallenstein wanted to take control of the German Princes and thus gain influence over the Emperor. Ferdinand II dismissed Wallenstein in He was to later recall him after the Swedes, led by Gustavus Adolphus, attacked the Empire and prevailed in a number of significant battles.
After he dismissed Albrecht von Wallenstein, Ferdinand II depended on the Catholic League. At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), Adolphus defeated the Catholic League led by General Tilly. A year later, they met again, and this time General Tilly was killed (1632). The upper hand had now switched from the leage to the union, led by Sweden. In 1630, Sweden had paid at least 2,368,022 daler for its army at 42,000 men. In 1632, they paid only one-fifth of that (476,439 daler) for an army three times as large (149,000 men). The main explanation was economic aid from France, and that prisoners (mainly from Breitenfeld) were recruited into the swedish army.
Swedish Interlude

22. A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
What began as a religious struggle became a dynastic struggle between France and Hapsburg Austria.

23. Raison d’ etat Fear of Hapsburg hegemony Richelieu
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Fear of Hapsburg hegemony
Richelieu
France, though a largely Catholic country, was a rival of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, and now entered the war on the Protestant side. Cardinal Richelieu, the Chief Minister of King Louis XIII of France, felt that the Habsburgs were still too powerful, since they held a number of territories on France's eastern border and had influence in the Netherlands.
In 1642, Cardinal Richelieu died. A year later, Louis XIII died, leaving his five-year-old son Louis XIV on the throne. His regent, Cardinal Mazarin, began to work toward a restoration of peace
Raison d’ etat

24. A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Known also as the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, The Peace of Westphalia is the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and officially recognized the United Provinces and Swiss Confederation.
The devastation caused by the war has long been a subject of controversy among historians. Estimates of mass civilian casualties of up to thirty percent of the population of Germany are now treated with caution. The mortality rate was perhaps closer to 15 to 20 percent, with deaths due to armed conflict, famine and disease. Much of the destruction of civilian lives and property was caused by the cruelty and greed of mercenary soldiers.
An immediate result of the war, however, was the enshrinement of a Germany divided among many territories, all of which, despite their continuing membership of the Empire up to its formal dissolution in 1806, had de facto sovereignty. It has been speculated that this weakness was a long-term underlying cause of later German militarism.
The Thirty Years' War rearranged the previous structure of power. The conflict made Spain's military and political decline visible on the European stage.
Religious wars were definitely a thing of the past in Europe after There were still religious conflicts, but no more full-scale war.
The destruction caused by mercenary soldiers defied description. The war did much to end the age of mercenaries that had begun with the first landsknechts, and ushered in the age of well-disciplined national armies.
Treaty of Westphalia

25. Effect of Thirty Years War
A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Last Religious war
Religious motives gave way to political considerations.
Spread to embrace all of Europe.
Decimated 1/3 of Central Europe’s population.
Belief that stability and diplomatic process could be restored by eliminated religious divisions.
200 heads of state.
Ended the wars of the German states.
Effect of Thirty Years War

26. A.P. European History / Unit II – Thirty Years War
Territorial settlement remained in place until the French Revolution.
Europe 1648