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30 Years’ War Most important war of the 17th century 1618-1648.

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Presentation on theme: "30 Years’ War Most important war of the 17th century 1618-1648."— Presentation transcript:

1 30 Years’ War Most important war of the 17th century

2 Cuius regno, eius religio
PEACE OF AUGSBURG 1555 Cuius regno, eius religio

3 Failure of the Peace of Augsburg, 1555
1555 agreement gave German princes the right to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism as official religion Truce lasted about 60 years until factionalism in the Holy Roman Empire precipitated a cataclysmic war 30 years war- often called the last of the religious wars Although much of the fighting took place in the Germanic lands in the HRE, it became a European wide struggle

4 4 phases of the war Bohemian Phase
Because of the execution of Jan Hus in 1415, Bohemia was a hotbed of contention between Protestants and Catholics By 1600, Protestants out numbered Catholics in Bohemia but the Protestants were fragmented into denominations or sects Emperor Rudolph II issued a letter of Majesty granting some limited freedoms and tolerance to Protestants but Rudolph died before Protestants fully enjoyed the limited freedoms Catholics forbade Protestants to build churches in towns where Protestant churches did not already exist Ferdinand II was to be new king of Bohemia and Protestants feared for the worst Bohemian Phase

5 BOHEMIAN PHASE Map by Astrokey44

6 DEFENESTRATION of Prague

7 Defenestration of Prague (1618)
Protestants set up a meeting with Catholic officials in Prague May 1618 Meeting went badly, Protestants seized two Catholic officials and tossed them out of the window Emperor sought to get rid of Calvinist nobility in Bohemia Protestant forces were eventually defeated and Protestantism was eliminated in Bohemia Event triggered war in Bohemia The HR Emperor placed severe restrictions on Protestantism The Two HRE officials did not die- saved by manure – Catholics claimed that angels saved them This was the spark that ignited the 30 years war Fighting soon began after this Protestants used forces made up mostly of Czechs and deposed Ferdinand, King of Bohemia – chose Frederick V to take his place The Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II used funds from the Catholic League and the Spanish Habsburgs to build an army Catholic forces crushed Prots. At Battle of White Mountain

8 DANISH PHASE Map by Astrokey44

9 Danish Phase Represents the height of Catholic power during the war
King Christian IV of Denmark decided to enter the war to help Protestants Albrecht von Wallenstein- paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE Edict of Restitution (1629) The Emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church Wallenstein- brilliant commander- defeated protestant army and defeated the forces of Christian IV in 1629 Wallenstein will occupy Baltic ports of Hamburg, Lubeck, and Bremen- end of Danish supremacy in the Baltic Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution in March 1629 prohibited Calvinist worship and restored property taken by Protestants in the past 75 years to the Catholic Church This frightened many German princes, who feared for their independent status and reacted by forcing the emperor to dismiss Wallenstein

10 SWEDISH PHASE

11 Swedish Phase Gustavus Adolphus (King of Sweden)
Led an army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia Was successful, so Emperor had to call on Wallenstein again and annul the Edict of Restitution Adolphus will die from wound in battle – Swedes defeated by 1634 Things looking bad for Protestants in Germany Adolphus hoped to help the Protestants in Germany but he also hoped to exert his influence in the region In France, Henry IV’s son king- Louis XIII (Bourbon) Catholic Cardinal Richelieu will take over everyday business of the government- regent He is head Bishop of France Became virtual ruler of France – Goals: increase power of the Bourbons/crown, make France the most powerful in Europe (Spain was already slipping, Armada, $ problems, no industry) The French, aided the Swedish king- hoped to undermine the Habsburgs by helping their enemy even though France is Catholics Politics over religion- Politique

12 FRENCH PHASE Map by Astrokey44

13 French Phase- “International Phase”
Cardinal Richelieu officially allied with Protestant forces to defeat the HRE Richelieu’s policies reflected Catholic France’s diplomatic concerns as political and not religious, politque Wallenstein had been angry at Emperor at his dismissal the first time, he turned on Emperor in hopes of creating his own empire Emperor had him murdered by his own troops Some protestant princes jumped ship and joined forces with the emperor France could not stand to watch the Habsburg power grow so they will officially get involved Neither side possessed the power to knock out the other so the fighting dragged on

14 PEACE OF WESTPHALIA 1648 Peace of Westphalia ensured that all German states, including Calvinist ones, were free to determine their own religion

15 Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
Ended the 30 Years’ war Renewal of Peace of Augsburg- but added Calvinism is accepted too Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire confirmed Netherlands and Switzerland gained their official independence from Spanish rule 300+ German states became sovereign Pope could not intervene in HRE affairs France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (Prussia) received various territories Hapsburgs were weakened France gained parts of western Germany, part of Alsace, and three cities of Metz, Toul, and Verdun- gave French control of Franco-German border Sweden gained territory in Germany as well as German states of Brandenburg and Bavaria Made clear that religion and politics are separate The pope completely ignored in all decisions

16 Important Results Germany physically devastated (as much as 1/3 of population in certain areas gone) Germany was further divided by the decline of the HRE Ended the wars of religion Beginning of the rise of France as dominant European power Accelerated rise of Britain and Netherlands Inflation crushed Germany, food shortages German homes, businesses, and farms were destroyed en masse- population took a hit

17 Important to remember The 30 Years’ War began as a war of religion and developed into a war of politics Did not solve any religious issues Alsace region will continue to be contested Because German princes gained sovereignty meant that the HRE essentially ended

18 EF-CHIP E- end of Wars of Religion
F- France emerges as Europe’s most powerful country C- Calvinism added to Peace of Augsburg H- Holy Roman Empire effectively destroyed I- Independence for the Netherlands and Switzerland P-Prussia emerges as great power

19

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