1. The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 The Logical Outcome of the Reformation in Germany?

2. The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire After the Peace of Augsburg 1555 The Peace of Augsburg – cuius regio, eius religio 1555 The Peace of Augsburg – cuius regio, eius religio Demonstrated the internal weakness of the Holy Roman Emperor (not his weakness over his own territories) Demonstrated the internal weakness of the Holy Roman Emperor (not his weakness over his own territories) Institutionalized the fragmentation of the German states Institutionalized the fragmentation of the German states Led to the developing Protestant kingdoms making alliances with the Lutheran German princes – often to counter the political aims of the Habsburgs Led to the developing Protestant kingdoms making alliances with the Lutheran German princes – often to counter the political aims of the Habsburgs

3. German speaking lands in the HRE included about 360 independent political entities. German speaking lands in the HRE included about 360 independent political entities. These lands often viewed each other as economic, political and religious rivals. These lands often viewed each other as economic, political and religious rivals. This usually was the key to the HRE’s ability to control the Germans This usually was the key to the HRE’s ability to control the Germans Germans – both Protestant and Catholic – feared that the HRE’s religious aims were in actuality an attempt to unify the Germans politically. Germans – both Protestant and Catholic – feared that the HRE’s religious aims were in actuality an attempt to unify the Germans politically.

4. Problems with the Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg recognized Lutheranism – but did not address or recognize Calvinism or any other Protestant sect. The Peace of Augsburg recognized Lutheranism – but did not address or recognize Calvinism or any other Protestant sect. The growing Calvinist movement felt at odds with the Catholics and Lutherans The growing Calvinist movement felt at odds with the Catholics and Lutherans ECCLESIASTICAL RESERVATION – Catholics were upset that despite the Peace of Augsburg – former Catholic clergy who had converted to Lutheranism were still in charge of churches, lands, titles, and monies that in theory should have been returned to the Catholic Church. ECCLESIASTICAL RESERVATION – Catholics were upset that despite the Peace of Augsburg – former Catholic clergy who had converted to Lutheranism were still in charge of churches, lands, titles, and monies that in theory should have been returned to the Catholic Church.

5. The Palatinate While not officially recognized as a Protestant alternative – Calvinism had been adopted by FREDERICK III, Elector Palatine in his lands between France and Germany. While not officially recognized as a Protestant alternative – Calvinism had been adopted by FREDERICK III, Elector Palatine in his lands between France and Germany. This vital area was also part of the cross-roads that connected the banking and trade centers in the Netherlands with the center of Europe. This vital area was also part of the cross-roads that connected the banking and trade centers in the Netherlands with the center of Europe. Calvinists in the Palatine received monies from France, England and the Netherlands as a way to counter the Spanish/Habsburg attempt to dominate Europe politically and religiously. Calvinists in the Palatine received monies from France, England and the Netherlands as a way to counter the Spanish/Habsburg attempt to dominate Europe politically and religiously. The Protestant Union was established – linking the German Protestant leaders. The Protestant Union was established – linking the German Protestant leaders.

7. Frederick III Elector Palatine

8. The Lutherans feared the growing political and religious power of the Calvinists and rejected the Calvinist denial of any real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Lutherans feared the growing political and religious power of the Calvinists and rejected the Calvinist denial of any real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. As the 17 th century began – the German states were ripe for war: As the 17 th century began – the German states were ripe for war: –Religion –Economics –Politics – internal and external

9. The Catholic League Led by the Jesuits, the Catholics made bold moves in southern Germany to stop the advancement of Calvinism. Led by the Jesuits, the Catholics made bold moves in southern Germany to stop the advancement of Calvinism. 1609, Maximilian, the duke of Bavaria organized THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE in order to counter balance the growing political power of Protestant FRECERICK IV, ELECTOR PALATINE and his league of Protestants. 1609, Maximilian, the duke of Bavaria organized THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE in order to counter balance the growing political power of Protestant FRECERICK IV, ELECTOR PALATINE and his league of Protestants. Both camps were arming themselves – all while the HRE tried to maintain peace and control. Both camps were arming themselves – all while the HRE tried to maintain peace and control.

10. Maximilian of Bavaria

11. The Bohemian Phase 1618-1625 The Thirty Years’ War had four distinct phases – as the war evolved from a war based on religion to one based on European political rivalries. The Thirty Years’ War had four distinct phases – as the war evolved from a war based on religion to one based on European political rivalries. 1618 – Ferdinand, archduke of Styria became king of Bohemia. 1618 – Ferdinand, archduke of Styria became king of Bohemia. Educated by the Jesuits, Ferdinand was also in line to become the next HRE. Educated by the Jesuits, Ferdinand was also in line to become the next HRE. Ferdinand was determined to restore Catholicism to his Habsburg lands – Bohemia had a large Protestant population. Ferdinand was determined to restore Catholicism to his Habsburg lands – Bohemia had a large Protestant population.

12. Ferdinand, King of Bohemia Ferdinand, King of Bohemia

13. 1618 – As king of Bohemia, Ferdinand revoked the religious freedom of the Protestants in Bohemia. 1618 – As king of Bohemia, Ferdinand revoked the religious freedom of the Protestants in Bohemia. These rights had existed since 1575 and had grown over time. These rights had existed since 1575 and had grown over time. May 1618 – Protestant leaders threw Ferdinand’s representatives out of a window in the castle in Prague. “The Defenstration of Prague” May 1618 – Protestant leaders threw Ferdinand’s representatives out of a window in the castle in Prague. “The Defenstration of Prague”

14. Prague Castle

15. 1619 – Ferdinand elected HRE as FERDINAND II 1619 – Ferdinand elected HRE as FERDINAND II 1619 – The Bohemians in Prague publicly denied Ferdinand and declared FREDERICK V, ELECTOR PALATINE as their overlord. This Bohemian revolt began the war that would eventually engulf all of central Europe. 1619 – The Bohemians in Prague publicly denied Ferdinand and declared FREDERICK V, ELECTOR PALATINE as their overlord. This Bohemian revolt began the war that would eventually engulf all of central Europe.

16. Frederick V, Elector Palatine Frederick V, Elector Palatine Grandson of: Frederick III Grandson of: Frederick III Grandson of: William of Orange Grandson of: William of Orange Married – Elizabeth Stuart – daughter of James I of England/VI of Scotland Married – Elizabeth Stuart – daughter of James I of England/VI of Scotland

17. Ferdinand II’s response to the Bohemian rebellion Ferdinand received troops from: Ferdinand received troops from: –Spain –Maximilian of Bavaria –John George I of Saxony - ****a Lutheran – acting as a politique – John George wanted to lessen the power of the Calvinist Frederick V – so he sided with the Catholics in order to develop his own political and Lutheran power.

18. John George of Saxony John George of Saxony

19. Count Johann von Tilly – Ferdinand’s commander – defeated the troops of Frederick V at the BATTLE OF WHITE MOUNTAIN 1620. Count Johann von Tilly – Ferdinand’s commander – defeated the troops of Frederick V at the BATTLE OF WHITE MOUNTAIN 1620. This phase of the war ended with Ferdinand subduing Bohemia and conquering the Palatine. This phase of the war ended with Ferdinand subduing Bohemia and conquering the Palatine. Maximilian of Bavaria took control of the Palatine Maximilian of Bavaria took control of the Palatine

20. Johann von Tilly Johann von Tilly

21. Battle of White Mountain

22. The Danish Phase After the defeat of the Protestants in the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years’ War, the Protestants feared a re-Catholicization of the entire Empire and a repudiation of the Peace of Augsburg. After the defeat of the Protestants in the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years’ War, the Protestants feared a re-Catholicization of the entire Empire and a repudiation of the Peace of Augsburg. Christian IV, Lutheran king of Denmark, held the duchy of Holstein which was in the Empire. Encouraged by the English, French, and the Dutch, and also wanting to extend Danish influence in the North Sea – Christian IV took up the mantle of the Protestant movement. Christian IV, Lutheran king of Denmark, held the duchy of Holstein which was in the Empire. Encouraged by the English, French, and the Dutch, and also wanting to extend Danish influence in the North Sea – Christian IV took up the mantle of the Protestant movement.

23. Christian IV Christian IV

24. The Danish forces were quickly overwhelmed by MAXIMILIAN OF BAVARIA and ALBRECHT VON WALLENSTEIN. The Danish forces were quickly overwhelmed by MAXIMILIAN OF BAVARIA and ALBRECHT VON WALLENSTEIN. Ferdinand II issued EDICT OF RESTITUTION 1629 which re-instituted the illegality of Calvinism. Ferdinand II issued EDICT OF RESTITUTION 1629 which re-instituted the illegality of Calvinism. BUT – Ferdinand began to worry about the increasing power of Maximilian of Bavaria and Albrecht von Wallenstein. BUT – Ferdinand began to worry about the increasing power of Maximilian of Bavaria and Albrecht von Wallenstein.

25. The Swedish Period Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden took up where Christian IV had failed. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden took up where Christian IV had failed. He was financially supported by France and Holland. He was financially supported by France and Holland. He also had internal support in the Empire from Saxony and BRANDENBURG – leading to a massive Protestant victory at THE BATTLE OF BREITENFELD in 1630. BUT…. He also had internal support in the Empire from Saxony and BRANDENBURG – leading to a massive Protestant victory at THE BATTLE OF BREITENFELD in 1630. BUT….

26. Gustavus Adolphus – The Lion of the North

27. Gustavus Adolphus killed in battle at THE BATTLE OF LUTZEN 1632. Gustavus Adolphus killed in battle at THE BATTLE OF LUTZEN 1632. Ferdinand II HRE had Albrecht von Wallenstein assassinated in 1634 in order to keep Wallenstein from becoming too powerful. Ferdinand II HRE had Albrecht von Wallenstein assassinated in 1634 in order to keep Wallenstein from becoming too powerful. PEACE OF PRAGUE 1635 – Saxony made peace with Ferdinand but the Swedish refused to stop their offenses. PEACE OF PRAGUE 1635 – Saxony made peace with Ferdinand but the Swedish refused to stop their offenses.

28. Wallenstein Wallenstein

29. The Swedish-French Phase The French entered the war with Sweden in 1635. The French entered the war with Sweden in 1635. Cardinal Richelieu – the chief advisor of Louis XIII – felt that defeating the Habsburgs was far more important than supporting a Catholic cause. Cardinal Richelieu – the chief advisor of Louis XIII – felt that defeating the Habsburgs was far more important than supporting a Catholic cause. German armies and people quickly destroyed – second only to the Black Death in population losses. German armies and people quickly destroyed – second only to the Black Death in population losses.

30. Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Richelieu

31. The Treaty of Westphalia 1648 1. all hostilities in HRE ended 1. all hostilities in HRE ended 2. Edict of Restitution revoked 2. Edict of Restitution revoked Peace of Augsburg reinstated Peace of Augsburg reinstated Calvinism recognized Calvinism recognized Swiss Confederacy given independence Swiss Confederacy given independence United Provinces of Holland formally recognized as independent United Provinces of Holland formally recognized as independent Bavaria raised to an elector Bavaria raised to an elector More self rule for German principalities More self rule for German principalities France and Sweden guarantors of the treaty France and Sweden guarantors of the treaty BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA the most dominate north German state BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA the most dominate north German state France and Spain remained at war until 1659 TREATY OF THE PYRENEES France and Spain remained at war until 1659 TREATY OF THE PYRENEES

32. Results of the Thirty Years’ War Devastated German population Devastated German population HRE as a political unit never powerful again HRE as a political unit never powerful again Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia main German states Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia main German states France the dominate nation on the continent France the dominate nation on the continent Development of the growth of nation- states Development of the growth of nation- states

36. Where was England??? Where was England???