1. The Thirty Years War (It lasted 30 years) 1618 - 1648

2. People are talking “smack” about you in this room, how do you defend yourself?

3. Society in the Middle Ages  In the Middle Ages, and the system of feudalism, who were common people loyal to?  Also in the Middle Ages, who was on top of the social pyramid?  In the Middle Ages, and the system of feudalism, who were common people loyal to?  Also in the Middle Ages, who was on top of the social pyramid?

6. “Nation” (In the Middle Ages)  Who leads a nation?  Who grants that leader the authority to rule?  By these answers, how would we define a nation in the Middle Ages?  Who leads a nation?  Who grants that leader the authority to rule?  By these answers, how would we define a nation in the Middle Ages?

7. Example of a Middle-Ages Nation: Holy Roman Empire  Over 250 small kingdoms, each run by princes  “United” by a single Emperor,  Emperor had no real authority, and no additional land  Usually was named Emperor by the Pope as a reward  Often “ruled” from an outside country  These kingdoms often fought religious wars against one another  Over 250 small kingdoms, each run by princes  “United” by a single Emperor,  Emperor had no real authority, and no additional land  Usually was named Emperor by the Pope as a reward  Often “ruled” from an outside country  These kingdoms often fought religious wars against one another

8. Peace of Augsburg, 1555  Agreement in the Holy Roman Empire (“HRE”) in 1555  Signed by Emperor Charles V  Princes could choose Catholic or Lutheran for their kingdom  What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg?  How effective do you think this peace was?  Agreement in the Holy Roman Empire (“HRE”) in 1555  Signed by Emperor Charles V  Princes could choose Catholic or Lutheran for their kingdom  What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg?  How effective do you think this peace was?

12. Yup, you’re right  In 1617, Ferdinand II, the new King of Bohemia, changed the official religion to Catholicism.  Bohemia had been a Protestant (Lutheran) area.  How might have the people of Bohemia reacted?  In 1617, Ferdinand II, the new King of Bohemia, changed the official religion to Catholicism.  Bohemia had been a Protestant (Lutheran) area.  How might have the people of Bohemia reacted?

13. The Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648

14. Why another War?  Peace of Augsburg – solved nothing  granted rights to Lutherans, but other Protestant religions left out  an issue for Palatinate Elector = Calvinist  Whose who of Protestantism  majority of 300 German states = Lutheran  Bohemia = Protestant  Austria = supposed to be Catholic, but strong Protestant influence  Swiss = Catholic & Calvinist  Hungary = Protestant  Peace of Augsburg – solved nothing  granted rights to Lutherans, but other Protestant religions left out  an issue for Palatinate Elector = Calvinist  Whose who of Protestantism  majority of 300 German states = Lutheran  Bohemia = Protestant  Austria = supposed to be Catholic, but strong Protestant influence  Swiss = Catholic & Calvinist  Hungary = Protestant

15. Why another War?  War between emperor and princes  It seems the “emperor” isn’t really an emperor (i.e. no power!), HRE too divided  Instead we have a “Protestant Union”(1608) and a “Catholic League”(1609) determined to hold the other at bay  PU supported by Dutch, English & Henry IV of France  CL founded in Bavaria & backed by Spain  Austrian Habsburgs would like a strong central government (nation- state); must push out Protestantism  War between emperor and princes  It seems the “emperor” isn’t really an emperor (i.e. no power!), HRE too divided  Instead we have a “Protestant Union”(1608) and a “Catholic League”(1609) determined to hold the other at bay  PU supported by Dutch, English & Henry IV of France  CL founded in Bavaria & backed by Spain  Austrian Habsburgs would like a strong central government (nation- state); must push out Protestantism

16. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War  The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.  Most destructive war in Europe until WWI  At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.  At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened.  Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.  The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.  Most destructive war in Europe until WWI  At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.  At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened.  Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

18. Fighting Breaks Out  In 1618, the Protestant kingdom of Bohemia revolted against Ferdinand II, who had now become Holy Roman Emperor.  Fighting began after some Protestant officials threw Catholic officials out of a second-story window, in an event known as the Defenestration of Prague.  Catholics survive - Catholic say it was because angels caught them  Protestants - survived because they landed in a pile of crap  Results: HRE determined to control Bohemians - Bohemians determined to free themselves from Catholic Rule  In 1618, the Protestant kingdom of Bohemia revolted against Ferdinand II, who had now become Holy Roman Emperor.  Fighting began after some Protestant officials threw Catholic officials out of a second-story window, in an event known as the Defenestration of Prague.  Catholics survive - Catholic say it was because angels caught them  Protestants - survived because they landed in a pile of crap  Results: HRE determined to control Bohemians - Bohemians determined to free themselves from Catholic Rule

19. Defenestration of Prague

20. Bohemian Rebellion  Protestants invite Frederick V (Protestant) to take power ruler of Palatinate (Region of South Germany)  Ferdinand II will not stand by and challenges Frederick  Ferdinard doesn't have an army - he borrowed Bavarian Army (Catholics) and won  1619-1620 - Frederick was defeated - AKA Winter King because he only ruled for one year  Bohemian Stage of the war ended in victory for Catholics  Ferdinand conquered the Palatinate by end of 1620  Protestants invite Frederick V (Protestant) to take power ruler of Palatinate (Region of South Germany)  Ferdinand II will not stand by and challenges Frederick  Ferdinard doesn't have an army - he borrowed Bavarian Army (Catholics) and won  1619-1620 - Frederick was defeated - AKA Winter King because he only ruled for one year  Bohemian Stage of the war ended in victory for Catholics  Ferdinand conquered the Palatinate by end of 1620

21. A Civil War  This led to a civil war between Catholic and Protestant kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire.  None of the rulers could afford to pay their soldiers  What might happen as a result of soldiers not being paid?  This led to a civil war between Catholic and Protestant kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire.  None of the rulers could afford to pay their soldiers  What might happen as a result of soldiers not being paid?

22. Changing Military Cultures  No Feudal Military  Rise of Mercenaries and military captains  War is fought by set of soldiers and officers who are just out for themselves  Therefore more land is destroyed  No Feudal Military  Rise of Mercenaries and military captains  War is fought by set of soldiers and officers who are just out for themselves  Therefore more land is destroyed

23. Other Nations Join  Why would other nations join the war?

24. By 1635…..  By 1635  Status of Protestants in central Germany is threatened  Denmark entered war to protect Lutheran states  Danes had no military - brushed aside  Duke did very well in the first phases of the war he issued Edict of Restitution Edict of Restitution  Claimed Catholic Status for Protestant territories  Changed balance of power  Alarmed northern Protestants and King of Sweden Gustave Adolphus  By 1635  Status of Protestants in central Germany is threatened  Denmark entered war to protect Lutheran states  Danes had no military - brushed aside  Duke did very well in the first phases of the war he issued Edict of Restitution Edict of Restitution  Claimed Catholic Status for Protestant territories  Changed balance of power  Alarmed northern Protestants and King of Sweden Gustave Adolphus

25. Gustav Adolphus  King of Sweden  1630 - entered war to supported protestants  Sweden had superior army  1631 - defeated Catholics at Battle of Breitenfeld  Changed Momentum to the war - Tie  1632 - He is killed in Battle and Catholics have the advantage again  King of Sweden  1630 - entered war to supported protestants  Sweden had superior army  1631 - defeated Catholics at Battle of Breitenfeld  Changed Momentum to the war - Tie  1632 - He is killed in Battle and Catholics have the advantage again

26. France Enters the War  1635 - Entered the War  Catholic - but enters on the Protestant side to oppose Habsburgs  France, Sweden vs. Spain and Habsburgs  Cardinal Richelieu  Choose dynastic interests of the monarch OVER religion  France is enemy of the Habsburgs so they fought against the Habsburgs  Clear sign of decline of religious politics  1635 - Entered the War  Catholic - but enters on the Protestant side to oppose Habsburgs  France, Sweden vs. Spain and Habsburgs  Cardinal Richelieu  Choose dynastic interests of the monarch OVER religion  France is enemy of the Habsburgs so they fought against the Habsburgs  Clear sign of decline of religious politics

27. Other Nations Join  “Help a brother out”  Catholics versus Protestants  Squeezed in the middle  Take territory  “Help a brother out”  Catholics versus Protestants  Squeezed in the middle  Take territory

28. Domestic Effects of the War  Soldiers plundered the villages and fields for food.  As many as half the people in the HRE were killed in the war or starved to death, due to food shortages.  Soldiers plundered the villages and fields for food.  As many as half the people in the HRE were killed in the war or starved to death, due to food shortages.

30. Peace of Westphalia - 1648  Wanted to make sure these wars would not happen again  New individual nation states were created  Sovereign AKA in complete control  King can govern without the pope’s permission  Stays out of foreign affairs, but has TOTAL control at home  ABSOLUTE MONARCHS!!!!!!!!!!  It revolutionized Europe – Goes from Medieval to Modern  Wanted to make sure these wars would not happen again  New individual nation states were created  Sovereign AKA in complete control  King can govern without the pope’s permission  Stays out of foreign affairs, but has TOTAL control at home  ABSOLUTE MONARCHS!!!!!!!!!!  It revolutionized Europe – Goes from Medieval to Modern

31. Effects of the Thirty Years War  Increased appeal of absolutism in 17th century Just like French wars of religion  30 years war leads to a rise of absolute monarchs  Princes of German states imitate France  Destructive power of mercenary armies - Led to the adoption of professional armies  Louis XIV had the first modern army  Transformative experience - moved Europe to monarchies, dynastic warfare, and professional armies  Increased appeal of absolutism in 17th century Just like French wars of religion  30 years war leads to a rise of absolute monarchs  Princes of German states imitate France  Destructive power of mercenary armies - Led to the adoption of professional armies  Louis XIV had the first modern army  Transformative experience - moved Europe to monarchies, dynastic warfare, and professional armies