Colonization of Americas, South Asia, Africa and China Europe had little influence on lives of the people Strong, centrally governed nation-states had emerged

Economic Interests Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources Rubber, manganese, palm oil Colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe’s growing population Political and Military Interests Steam-powered merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases Industrial powers seized islands or harbors Western leaders claimed colonies cause of national security Increased nation’s prestige

Humanitarian Goals Missionaries, doctors and colonial official believed they had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilization Social Darwinism Embraced natural selection and survival of the fittest European races were superior to all others Imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving the human species

Weakness of Nonwestern States Older civilizations in decline Ottoman Empire, Mughal India, Qing china Wars among African people and the slave trade Western Advantages Strong economies, well- organized governments, powerful armies and navies Superior technology & improved medical knowledge Quinine, Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, steam-driven warships

Resistance Ruling areas tried to strengthen their societies against reforming their own Muslim, Hindu, or Confucian Traditions. Many western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movement to expel the imperialists from their lands Criticism at Home Anti-imperialists argued colonialism was a tool of the rich and immoral Westerners were moving toward greater democracy at home but were imposing undemocratic rule on other people

Colonies French French practiced direct rule, sending officials and soldiers from France to administer their colonies, impose French culture British British relied on a system of indirect rule, using sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers Encouraged the children of the local ruling class to get an education in Britain

Protectorates – Local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors – Cost less to run than a colony, did not require a large commitment of military forces Spheres of Influence Area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges

Spoke hundreds of languages and varied governments North Africa Sahara Desert and Fertile land along the Med. Close ties to Muslim world Under rule of Ottoman Empire

West Africa Islamic reform movement brought change Usman dan Fodio preached jihad New Muslim states arose, built on trade, farming, and herding Forest regions – Asante Kingdom

East Africa Port cities carried profitable trade Cargoes were often slaves Marched from interior to coast with slaves Ivory and Copper from Central Africa

Southern Africa Shaka united the Zulu nation Mass migration and wars Zulus were battling Boers

Slave Trade Europeans began to outlaw slave trade Slave trade continued to Middle East and Asia Britain and US helped freed slaves resettle in Africa 1787 Sierra Leone as colony former slaves Liberia free blacks from U.S.

Explorers European explorers pushed the interior of Africa Mungo Park and Richard Burton set out to map the course and sources of the Great African rivers

Missionaries Catholic and Protestant Sought to win people to Christianity Sincere in desire to help Built schools, medical clinics and churches Saw Africans as children in need of guidance African cultures and religions were degraded Urged Africans to reject their own traditions

Livingstone Crisscrossed Africa Sympathy and less bias Opposed slave trade Henry Stanley trekked into Central Africa to find Livingston

King Leopold II of Belgium hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basin Berlin Conference (1884) No Africans were invited European countries must set up government in any claim in Africa Established new Africans borders and frontiers Redrew the map of Africa

Horrors in the Congo Wealthy Belgium's exploited the riches Forced to work for almost nothing, beaten or mutilated Leopold turn colony to Belgian government Little or no role in government or economy

French Expansion Algeria in North Africa Med. into Tunisia West and Central Africa Britain Expansion West and East Africa Egypt and Sudan and Cape Colony (South Africa) Boer War

Portuguese – Angola and Mozambique German Empire – Eastern and southwestern Africa Italy – Libya, horn of Africa

Algerians battled French Samori Toure fought French forces British battled the Zulus Asante in West Africa Maji-maji Rebellion 1905 Ethiopia Menelik II modernized Imported weapons and Europeans train army Only nation to preserve independence

Three Muslim Empires Mughals, Ottoman Empire, Safavids 1700s in decline Corruption Islamic Reform Movement Stressed religious piety and rules of behavior Returned to purity and simplicity European Imperialism Won treaties giving favorable trading terms

Extended across the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeastern Europe Nationalists Revolts Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians gain independence Arabia, Lebanon and Armenia revolted Lost control of Egypt

Efforts to Westernize Reorganize bureaucracy and system of tax collection Built railroads, improved education, European officers to train military Men sent to study new sciences and technology Better medical care and revitalized farming

Young Turks Overthrew the sultan Ended when WWI erupted Massacre of Armenians Brutal genocide of Armenians Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian Armenians accused of supporting Russian plans against Ottoman empire A million + Armenians were killed

Muhammad Ali Improved tax collection, reorganized the landholding system, large irrigation projects to increase farm output Increased Egyptian participation in world trade Suez Canal (1859) Ferdinand de Lesseps 100-mile waterway links the Med. And Red Sea Egypt ruler unable to repay debt, sold his shares to Britain prime minister

Qajar shahs ruled Iran from Gov’t improved finances, sponsored the building of telegraph lines and railroads, experimented with liberal constitution Russia and Britain set up sphere of influence in Iran Iranian gov’t granted concessions

Many people and cultures British took advantage of Indian divisions Main goal was to make money Improved roads, preserve peace, and reduce banditry. Tried to convert to Christianity Worked to end slavery and caste system Improved position of women Outlawed sati

Unpopular moves 1 st Required sepoys to serve anywhere 2 nd a law allowing Hindu widows to remarry 1857 issued new rifles to sepoys Angry sepoys rebelled Massacred British men, women and children. British rallied and crushed the revolt Revenge – torched villages and killed thousands of unarmed Indians. Parliament ended East India Company rule 1858

Viceroy Modernized India adopting technology and culture Market of raw materials Built roads and railroad network New methods of communication Ruined India’s hand-weaving industry

Nomadic herders into farmers of cash crops Massive deforestation Population growth put strain on food supply Legal system to promote justice for Indians Upper classes sent sons to British schools

Ram Mohun Roby combined Hindu and Muslim cultures Learn from the west Condemned traditions, rigid caste distinctions, child marriage, sati, purdah Set up educational societies

1855 nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress Greater democracy would bring more power to Indians At first Muslims and Hindus worked together Muslims grew to resent domination Worried Hindu’s would oppress Muslims

China sold silk, porcelain and tea China Enjoyed trade surplus Westerners had a trade deficit Two developments transformed China’s relations 1 st China entered a period of decline 2 nd Expanded markets for European goods

British made huge profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea Chinese became addicted Chinese gov’t outlawed opium / Killed dealers 1839 warships clashed with British merchants Chinese easily defeated Treaty of Nanjing Huge indemnity, Hong Kong, opened five ports, extraterritoriality

Qing dynasty in decline Irrigation systems and canals poorly maintained – massive flooding in Huang He Valley Hardships for peasants, tax evasion, official corruption

Most devastating peasant revolt in history Hong Xiuquan wanted to establish a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” Endorsed social ideas Land reform, community ownership of property, equality of women and men Taiping rebels won control for 14 years mil. deaths

Scholar-officials no reasons for new industries Disapproved of western ideas Technology was dangerous Empress Ci Xi Imported western technology Factories, shipyards, railroads, mining

Sino-Japanese War 1894 Japan gained Taiwan

British – Yangzi River French – Land near Indochina German – Northern China Russia – Northern China

Guang Xu New laws set to modernize civil service exams, streamline government, encouraged new industries Affected schools, military and bureaucracy

Boxer Uprising 1899 Expelled “foreign devils” China admitted women to schools Expanded economically Business class emerged, new urban working class

1 st nationalism, freeing China from foreign domination 2 nd democracy 3 rd “livelihood” Sun Yixian named president Chinese republic