The Great War or The War to End All Wars

Causes of World War I Militarism: Militarism: The arms race. The arms race. Alliances: Alliances: Secret military pacts Secret military pacts Imperialism among European Nations Imperialism among European Nations Nationalism: Nationalism: Idea that the Nation is more important Idea that the Nation is more important

Loss Germany 2 million Germany 2 million Russia 1.7 million Russia 1.7 million France 1.4 million France 1.4 million Britain.9 million Britain.9 million United States112,000 (half due to flu) United States112,000 (half due to flu)

The spark that started WWI The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo on 28 June The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo on 28 June Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand Ferdinand's death at the hands of a Serbian nationalist, set in motion a series of events that culminated in the world's first global war. Ferdinand's death at the hands of a Serbian nationalist, set in motion a series of events that culminated in the world's first global war.

US Foreign Trade Allied Powers 800 Million 2 Billion 3 Billion Central Powers 170 Million 12 Million 1 Million Neutral Powers 190 Million 300 Million

Central Powers Germany: the leading power on the Continent. Germany: the leading power on the Continent. Austria-Hungary: was not a nation of one people, but an empire of many nationalities. Austria-Hungary: was not a nation of one people, but an empire of many nationalities. Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Allied Powers FRANCE: FRANCE: France was waiting for the chance to reestablish its power on the continent. Great Britain/UK: Germany was a threat to industrial strength, as well as to Britain's naval power. Russia: Russia felt a need to prove its strength to the other nations of Europe. Leaves the Allies in 1917 after the Russian Revolution. Japan: in 1914 Italy joins the Allies after removing itself from her alliance with Germany United States would join the Allied Powers in 1917.

US Enters the War 1915: 1915: German Submarine Warfare German Submarine Warfare Germany sinks the British Liner Lusitania Germany sinks the British Liner Lusitania Germany puts in Submarine rules of war Germany puts in Submarine rules of war 1916: 1916: February 25, Zimmerman Telegram February 25, Zimmerman Telegram Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Unrestricted Submarine Warfare 1917: 1917: America enters the war America enters the war

German U-Boots Unrestricted Warfare Lusitania sunk 1915 German U-Boot Unterseeboot

Causes for US to Enter War US involvement: Zimmerman Telegram

Weapons of World War I

Chemical Weapons Germany, which released chlorine gas in Chlorine killed or maimed its victims by burning the lungs; it also caused panic among soldiers. Germany, which released chlorine gas in Chlorine killed or maimed its victims by burning the lungs; it also caused panic among soldiers. Both sides used Chemical Weapons. Both sides used Chemical Weapons. Mustard gas (actually a liquid) was introduced by the Germans in Mustard gas (actually a liquid) was introduced by the Germans in 1917.

Chemical Weapons Although the chemical poisons killed tens of thousands of soldiers, they were of little military consequence. Although the chemical poisons killed tens of thousands of soldiers, they were of little military consequence. Because they often drifted back toward the perpetrators. Because they often drifted back toward the perpetrators.

Chlorine and Mustard Gas

Reality of Trench War

After a Bombardment

Casualty Rates

Airplanes

U.S. Scout Plane

British Bomber Plane

Tanks By the time the war drew to a close the British and French had produced and used over 6,000 tanks. By the time the war drew to a close the British and French had produced and used over 6,000 tanks. The Germans, never convinced of its merits, produced just 20. The Germans, never convinced of its merits, produced just 20.

Early Tanks

Submarines

World War I

The American and French Leaders

The American Homefront War Industries Board Organized industry to increase efficiency, maximizing production Railroad Administration Assumed temporary control of rail lines to modernize equipment and increase operating efficiency Food Administration Supervised agricultural production, promoted food conservation and rationing Fuel Administration Increased production of coal and oil; maintained conservation of fuel with such innovations as daylight savings time National War Labor Board Maintained cooperation between industry management and labor unions; acted as mediator to prevent and quickly settle disputes Committee on Public Information Provided propaganda to rally citizen support of all aspects of the war effort

Wilson’s Goals for the War Wilson had three central goals: Wilson had three central goals: 1. protect free trade (freedom of the seas); 1. protect free trade (freedom of the seas); 2. promote democracy, 2. promote democracy, 3. command a seat at the table in order to direct the terms of peace. 3. command a seat at the table in order to direct the terms of peace.

America Before the War

SGT Alvin York Practically unassisted he captured 132 Germans, thirty-five machine guns, and killed no less than twenty-five of the enemy. Most decorated American in WWI. Practically unassisted he captured 132 Germans, thirty-five machine guns, and killed no less than twenty-five of the enemy. Most decorated American in WWI.

CPT Eddie Rickenbacker Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker shot down 26 enemy aircraft in World War I and earned the Medal of Honor for his actions. His feats and others, ushered in an era of air-to-air combat that changed the role of aircraft in military operations forever. Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker shot down 26 enemy aircraft in World War I and earned the Medal of Honor for his actions. His feats and others, ushered in an era of air-to-air combat that changed the role of aircraft in military operations forever.

Baron Von Richthofen (The Red Baron) The Red Baron was one of those heroes whose life seems almost scripted. Discipline, pride, hunting skills, and patriotism all combined in this man, bringing him to the pinnacle of fame which long outlasted the man himself. The Red Baron methodically claiming 80 aerial victories, before falling himself, in April 21, The Red Baron was one of those heroes whose life seems almost scripted. Discipline, pride, hunting skills, and patriotism all combined in this man, bringing him to the pinnacle of fame which long outlasted the man himself. The Red Baron methodically claiming 80 aerial victories, before falling himself, in April 21, 1918.

Cpl Carl Berggren of New Sweden, Texas 117 th Motor Supply Train, First Army A.E.F. 117 th Motor Supply Train, First Army A.E.F. Left the United States on Aug 22 nd, 1918 Left the United States on Aug 22 nd, 1918 Aug. 26, 1918 – missed three submarine attacks Aug. 26, 1918 – missed three submarine attacks Was part of a unit to deliver gas to main front Was part of a unit to deliver gas to main front At 11am on Nov 11, 1919 the last guns were fired At 11am on Nov 11, 1919 the last guns were fired

Cpl Carl Berggren

Truck Corp

Time for Meals: In Camp and the Field

The American Homefront The government encouraged civilians to conserve wool and certain foods so that soldiers in Europe would have what they needed.

After the War

Peace (Versailles) The Big Four Orlando Wilson Clemenceau Lloyd-George

Fourteen Points  Plan for peace designed by Wilson  Presented to U.S. Congress in January of 1918  Supported idea of self-determination  Encouraged open trade, adjustment of borders based upon native (ethnic) populations  Proposed a League of Nations

Versailles Treaty  Laid blame of war on Germany  Forbade Germany a military  $33 billion restitution

League of Nations  Plan for League of Nations belonged to President Wilson  Ratified by the Allied leaders at Versailles  U.S. Senate rejected the treaty because of the League  Replaced in 1946 with United Nations  Purpose- oversee world affairs  Prevent future wars  Permanent membership for U.S., Britain, Italy, France, and Japan

Impact of War  Economic recession and depression  Increased cost of living  Increased membership in unions  Worker’s strikes  Seattle General Strike (1919)  Boston Police Strike –National Guard called in  Steel Strike (1920)  Rising unemployment  Returning soldiers  Causes racial tensions because of Great Migration  Race riots in Houston, Philadelphia, and East St. Louis

Impact of War  Russia becomes communist after Bolshevik revolution (1917)  Revolution pulled Russia out of war early  Cause of “Red Scare” in U.S.  Fear of communist revolution  Mail bombs sent to leading politicians and industrial giants  Associated with workers’ strikes  Formation of the F.B.I. and the Palmer raids  Palmer raids- private homes of suspected Communist sympathizers sacked and searched  Ended in deportation of many suspected  Civil liberties violated  Denied legal council  Held without charge

Impact of War  Greater political freedoms for women  Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920