World of Children Second Edition by Greg Cook and Joan Littlefield Cook Prepared by Katherine E. L. Norris, Ed.D. West Chester University of Pennsylvania This multimedia product and the content are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network, preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Chapter 9 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Overview of Chapter 9 The Social and Emotional Self Parenting Friends and Play

The Social and Emotional Self The Self, Self-Regulation, and Emotions Developing Ideas and Gender Moral Development

The Self, Self-Regulation, and Emotions The characteristics, emotions, and beliefs people have about themselves, including an understanding that people are unique individuals. I-self The conscious awareness that you exist as a separate and unique person and that you can affect others. Me-Self What you know about yourself and how you describe yourself.

The Self, Self-Regulation, and Emotions The ability to control our own thoughts, behaviors, and emotions and change them to meet the demands of the situation. Emotions By age 2 children are spontaneously talking about their feelings and the feelings of other people. Positive emotion bias The tendency of children to report more positive than negative emotions.

Developing Ideas About Gender Gender Segregation The tendency of children to associate with others of their same sex. Gender Constancy The understanding that gender remains the same despite superficial changes in appearance or behavior. Three Stages of Gender Understanding Gender Identity Gender Stability Gender constancy

Moral Development Conscience Morality Moral Reasoning Ideas children have about right and wrong. Morality Knowing the difference between right and wrong. Moral Reasoning The ways in which people think about right and wrong. Perspective Taking The ability to understand the perspectives and needs of others.

Moral Development Convention Preconventional Level A rule or practice that members of a social group agree to abide by in their behaviors, choices, and decisions. Preconventional Level Level of moral reasoning where children do not yet understand that rules are social conventions; children accept the rules of powerful others.

Parenting Dimensions of Parenting Parenting Styles Discipline: What’s a Parent to do?

Dimensions of Parenting Parental Warmth The degree in which parents are accepting, responsive, and compassionate with their children. Parental Control The degree to which parents set limits, enforce rules, and maintain discipline with children.

Figure 9.1 Parental Warmth and Control Matrix

Parenting Styles Authoritative Parents Authoritarian Parents Parents who are warm and exert firm control. Authoritarian Parents Parents who exert firm control but are rejecting or unresponsive to their children. Permissive Parents Parents who are warm, but have little control over their children. Rejecting/Neglecting Parents Parents who don’t set limits and are unresponsive to their children’s needs.

Discipline: What’s a Parent to Do? Techniques used to teach children appropriate behavior. Punishment Techniques used to eliminate or reduce undesirable behavior. A Caution About Punishment People often over emphasize punishment. Parents often end up yelling, spanking, or hitting. Hitting and spanking can cause children to fear parents. Positive Discipline Emphasis on discipline should be teaching.

Friends and Play Gender Segregation Types of Play Cultural Differences in Play

Gender Segregation Gender Segregation Gender Cultures The tendency of children to associate with others of the same sex. Gender Cultures Different spheres of influence based on the differences that exist between male and female playgroups and affiliations.

Thinking Critically When you were a child, how did your peers respond when they saw you playing with someone of the opposite sex? Did their reactions have an encouraging or a discouraging effect on your choice of opposite-sex playmates?

Figure 9.2 - Gender Interactions Among Preschoolers

Types of Play Play Sociodramatic Play A pleasurable activity that is activity engaged in on a voluntary basis, it intrinsically motivated, and contains some nonliteral elements. Sociodramatic Play Play that involves acting out different social roles or characters.

Cultural Differences in Play The culture in which children live has a tremendous influence on how much they play, where they play, and the main themes in their play.