1. Emotional and social development in early childhood
Chapter 8
Emotional and social development in early childhood

2. Personality theories Erikson -________________________
Play fosters ____________ and develops a ____________ that is not too strict.

3. Self-development
_________________ - attributes, abilities, values, and attitudes that we believe define who we are
concrete in early childhood
_________________ - judgments about our own worth and related feelings
high self-esteem; _______________________ difficulty of tasks
High self-esteem leads to initiative
Criticism __________________ self-esteem.

4. Emotional development
Understanding of emotion improves in ________________________________
improvements in self-regulation of emotion
________________, talking to self, changing goals
changes in self-conscious emotions
impacted by __________________
empathy (comfort others)- largely influenced by ___________________

5. Play __________________- normal between 3& 5; usually outgrow them
gender differences
Same-sex play groups
Boys interact in ______________
play benefits emotional well-being - ____________________________________

6. Peer relations
first friendships - ____________; “fickle”, react differently to their “friends”
ability to make friends is related to ________________________
peer reinforcement and ____________ are powerful

7. Morality Psychoanalytic (____________) Behaviorism
Children whose parents use threats or physical force
Show little guilt after harming others; poor self-control
_________________________ - effects of misbehavior are communicated to the child.
Encourages ___________________________________
Behaviorism
Imitate models who demonstrate appropriate behavior
More likely to copy prosocial actions of person if:
Consistent between assertions and behavior; warm; competent; powerful
__________________________ perspective - children actively think about social rules.

8. The cognitive-developmental view of moral development emphasizes
A) the role of brain lateralization and syntactic pruning in promoting cognitive skills needed for moral thought.
B) the child’s internalization of moral societal standards.
C) forms of discipline that encourage and reward good conduct.
D) children as active thinker about social rules.

9. Punishment Justified when immediate obedience is necessary
Long term: Warmth and reasoning better
Punishment:
____________________.
model of aggression
Teaches to _____________ the punishing adult
adults are _____________ for using coercive discipline
Alternatives:
Time out - removal from setting until ready to act appropriately
Withdrawal of privileges

10. Parenting styles Authoritative parenting effective because:
Styles (Baumrind) – based on demandingness and responsiveness of parents
_____________ – reasonable demands, set limits, warm and responsive
______________ – demanding, lack warmth
______________ – lack of rules or structure, parents are warm
Authoritative parenting effective because:
fair and reasonable control is internalized; models of _________________, reasonable _________

11. Combining the two dimensions of parental behavior (warmth and control creates four prototypic styles of parenting.

12. Aggression Types Family issues
______________ aggression: goal-oriented
_____________ – meant to hurt someone
_________ - physical injury/threat of injury (boys)
______________ - damage to relationships (girls)
Biology (testosterone)
Gender typing (_______________)
Family issues
Conflict-ridden atmosphere
Boys receive more ___________________; may overlook fighting by boys

13. Gender typing: - process of developing gender roles
Gender ____________________________ -seeing self as male or female
By ages 3-4, children develop gender identity; by 5 or 6 they have gender constancy (understand that gender is ______________)
Genetic influences : hormonal differences
Social/Environmental influences
Family (toys, interaction differences)
Teachers
Peers
Broader social environment (media)

14. Gender identification continued
Emergence of gender-role identity
____________________ theory- resolution of Oedipal or Electra complex
______________________ theory - social interactions
cognitive learning theory -selective _________________________________
Gender schema theory (cognitive-developmental theory)– label themselves as “male” or “female” and attempt to behave accordingly (____________________)

15. Sample question
Four-year-old Athena’s mother often tells her that “cars and trucks are for boys.” According to gender schema theory, Athena is likely to
A) avoid playing with cars and trucks
B) ask her father to play cars and trucks with her
C) be resentful when she sees other girls playing with cars and trucks
D) seek out opportunities to play with boys who are playing with cars and trucks