1. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program 11 Essentials of Sociology Sociology 9 th Edition Chapter 5: Social Groups and Formal Organizations

2. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Chapter Overview What is not a group Types of Groups Bureaucracies What is not a group Types of Groups Bureaucracies Group Dynamics Types of Leaders and Leadership Styles Asch and Milgram Studies Group Dynamics Types of Leaders and Leadership Styles Asch and Milgram Studies

3. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aggregate – People who temporarily share a space but don’t see themselves as belonging together Category - People Who share similar characteristics 33 Aggregates and Categories (What is not a group)

4. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Primary Groups – Charles Cooley referred to primary groups as “the springs of life” Essential to our emotional well being Tend to be smaller than other groups Very impersonal We can be our true self 44 Social Groups

5. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Secondary Groups People come together on the basis of a mutual interest More formal than primary groups Members interact on the basis of statuses Fail to meet the need for intimacy 55 Social Groups

6. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Many different voluntary associations today in the United States Organized on Basis of Mutual Interest The Inner Circle and Iron Law of Oligarchy 66 Social Groups (Voluntary Associations)

7. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  In-Groups – People feel a loyalty towards their in-groups  Out-Groups – People of the in-group dislike out-groups  Positive consequence of in-groups: People feel a sense of belonging  Negative consequence of in-groups and out- groups: Intense rivalries can develop “Us vs. Them” mentality 77 Social Groups

8. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Reference Groups – Groups that we use to evaluate ourselves Reference Groups will change as we go through the life course Reference Groups sometimes contradict the values of other groups 88 Social Groups

9. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. People Connect Online Online Chat Rooms Can be impersonal and fail to meet the needs of intimacy 99 Social Groups (Electronic Communities)

10. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Five Characteristics of Bureaucracies Clear Cut Levels Division of Labor Written Rules Written Communication and Records Impersonality  10 Bureaucracies (Weber)

11. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Take on a Life of their Own Suffers from Goal Displacement –When the old goal is reached in a bureaucracy and a new goal is created to keep the bureaucracy running Red Tape  11 Perpetuation of Bureaucracies

12. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dyads – Two people Triads – Three People As a group increases in size it becomes more formal and more stable Coalitions may begin to form Greater Diffusion of Responsibility may occur in larger groups – “Someone else will take care of it” As a group gets larger, smaller groups may form Groupthink may occur- collective tunnel vision  12 Group Dynamics

13. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  13 Figure 5.2 The Effects of Group Size on Relationships

14. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Leaders are People Who Influence Others’ Behaviors, Opinions, and Attitudes 1.Instrumental Leader – a leader who keeps the group on track towards meeting its goals 2.Expressive Leader – tries to life the group’s morale through motivation (can also be an instrumental leader)  14 Leadership – Two Types of Leaders

15. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1)Authoritarian – Gives instructions with little to no information 2)Democratic – Tried to gain a group consensus 3)Laissez-Faire – Totally hands off leader, lets the group lead  The leadership style will change as the situation changes  15 Leadership – Three Leadership Styles

16. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Asch study Studied the effects of peer pressure Used a set of cards 6 stooges and a non- stooge Milgram study Studied the affects of authority figures Teacher and a learner Controversial experiment  16 Asch and Milgram Studies

17. Social Groups and Formal Organizations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved  17 Figure 5.3 Asch’s Cards Source: Asch 1953:452–453.