Skeletal system function Learning Objectives To be able to name the different classifications of joints and give an example of each. To be able to describe the movement possible at different joints and relate it to a sporting movement. Content 1.1.4 1.1.4 Classification of joints: pivot (neck – atlas and axis); hinge (elbow, knee and ankle); ball and socket (hip and shoulder); condyloid (wrist); and their impact on the range of possible movements 1.1.5 1.1.5 Movement possibilities at joints dependent on joint classification: flexion; extension; adduction; abduction; rotation; circumduction; plantar-flexion; dorsiflexion and examples of physical activity and sporting skills, and techniques that utilise these movements in different sporting contexts 1.1.6 1.1.6 The role of ligaments and tendons, and their relevance to participation in physical activity and sport

Classification of Joints A joint is a place where two bones meet. If the skeleton wasn’t able to move in different ways we wouldn’t be able to perform basic sporting actions (think of running with straight legs). There are different types of joint that are classified according to their structure and the movement they allow: Pivot – Atlas & Axis Hinge – Elbow & Knee Ball & Socket – Shoulder & Hip Condyloid – Wrist You can move your shoulder differently to how you can move your knee, hence they are classified into different groups.

Main Joints Name of Joint Bones at the joint Type of joint Movements at joint Neck Elbow Knee Ankle Hip Shoulder Wrist

Femur & Hip (fused bones of ilium, ischium and pubis) Main Joints Name of Joint Bones at the joint Type of joint Movements at joint Neck Atlas & Axis Pivot Elbow Humerus, Radius & Ulna Hinge Knee Femur & Tibia Ankle Hip Femur & Hip (fused bones of ilium, ischium and pubis) Ball & Socket Shoulder Humerus & Scapula Wrist Condyloid

Movement at Joints Flexion Bending a limb at a joint. Extension Straightening a limb at a joint.

Movement at Joints Abduction Movement of a limb sideways away from the centre of the body. Adduction Movement of a limb sideways towards the centre of the body.

Movement at Joints Dorsi-flexion Movement of the foot at the ankle joint to pull toes towards shin. Plantar-flexion Movement of the foot at the ankle joint to point toes away from shin.

Movement at Joints Rotation Circular movement around the joint. (this involves moving your upper arm within your shoulder joint like you would when you turn a screw) Circumduction Conical movement allowing 360’ range of movement.

Sporting Actions Skill / Technique Joint Joint Action Sprint Start Knee   Hip Ankle Stationary Inverted Handstand Shoulder Elbow Preparation (Backward) Striking (Forward) Kicking a Ball Cricket Bowling Arm

Sporting Actions Skill / Technique Joint Joint Action Sprint Start Knee Extension  Hip  Extension Ankle Plantar Flexion  Stationary Inverted Handstand Shoulder   Elbow Extended  Preparation (Backward) Striking (Forward) Kicking a Ball  Hyperextension Flexion   Flexion  Plantar flexion Dorsi flexion  Cricket Bowling Arm Rotation and Circumduction 

Tendon These attach muscles to bones. They are very tough as they have to withstand the force of muscles pulling on them to move bones. Tendon Injuries Tendons can snap or tear if a lot of force is applied by muscles very quickly – these injuries can take several months to repair. Tendons can become inflamed due to overuse – this is called tendonitis and is less severe.

Ligaments These join bone to bone. Their function is to stabilise the joint by supporting it and limiting its movement. They prevent a joint moving so much that it could dislocate or one of the bones break. They are elastic and increase in length after long exercise. If ligaments are overstretched they can be torn.

Extended Learning Task Describe in detail the joint actions involved in jumping to header a ball in football.