2. 3 Functions of the Skeleton Movement Bones meet to form JOINTS. Tendons attach muscles (which cause the movement) to bones. Support We are able to stand and form other complex positions. The skeleton gives a framework and affects size/body composition. Protection Vital organs are protected e.g. cranium (brain), ribs (heart/lungs). Petr Cech would’ve suffered a severe brain injury if it wasn’t for his skull! Cartilage reduces friction between bones (and is elastic) Joint Capsule is tough and produces synovial fluid Synovial fluid lubricates the joint Ligament attaches bone to bones Joints and Movement Examples from Sport Think of how the 3 functions work together in: Rugby, Diving Cricket, Dance Netball, Swimming Hockey, Basketball Joints allow movement to occur (with the help of muscles). In the upper body they allow mobility and the lower body are mainly for stability.

3. Movement Elbow Hinge Joint Humerus, Radius, Ulna Flexion (bending) Extension (straightening) Knee Hinge Joint Femur and Tibia ONLY Flexion (bending) Extension (straightening) Shoulder Ball and Socket Joint Humerus and Scapula Flexion (bending) Extension (straightening) Abduction (away) Adduction (adding) Rotation (around) Hip Ball and Socket Joint Pelvis and Femur Flexion (bending) Extension (straightening) Abduction (away) Adduction (adding) Rotation (around)

4. Exercise and the Skeletal System Bones become lighter with age and their density and strength reduces. If too much bone is lost, then the bones can break easily – OSTEOPOROSIS (think of a crumbly Cadbury’s Crunchie!) Importance of Weight-Bearing Exercise Bones continue to grow until we are 18. Regular exercise helps to develop bone structure. Exercise helps by: 1. Increasing bone density 2.Tendons and ligaments become thicker, increasing flexibility and power BUT…. TOO MUCH EXERCISE CAN BE HARMFUL! Recommended Exercises Weight-Bearing exercises e.g. walking, running, tennis, aerobics as they put weight and pressure on bones, increasing their strength. Non Weight-Bearing exercises e.g. swimming, cycling, yoga Injuries and Treatment INJURIES TO BONES Fractures: ‘broken or cracked bone’ Closed – ‘does not break skin’ Compound – ‘breaks the skin’ Stress – ‘overuse injury, fatigue, poor diet’ Symptoms: Pain, swelling, inability to move, bruised INJURIES TO JOINTS Tennis/Golfers Elbow – Overuse injury to the tendons. T.E. is pain on outside of the elbow. G.E. is pain on inside of the elbow. Dislocation – bone forced out of normal range of motion Sprain – Damaged ligament often from twisting (e.g. ankle, wrist, knee, elbow) Torn cartilage – caused by pivoting, will fall to floor. TREATMENT FOR INJURIES – R.I.C.E. Rest Ice Compression Elevation Diet and the Skeletal System Eating a balanced calcium-rich diet will assist the growth of strong bones. Cheese, milk, yoghurt (but low fat ones!). Vitamin D helps to maintain healthy bones and aids the absorption of calcium. Smoking and alcohol have a toxic effect on bones.