1. Movement of the Joints

2. Range of Motion: the distance and direction a joint can move to its full potential
Determines the positions the body can assume
Plays an important role in athletic activity

3. Greatest Range of Motion is the Shoulder
The greater the Range of Motion, the more the joint relies on attached muscles for stability
Greatest Range of Motion is the Shoulder
Hip is the next most
Gymnast and Dancers train their hips to equal the ROM of the shoulder

4. Stability of the joint determined by 3 factors
Shape of the bones at the joint
Ligament that join the bones
Muscle tone

5. Shape of Bones Ligaments If well matched, the joint is very stable
Ex. The hip
Ligaments
The more ligaments that hold the joint, increases stability
BUT joints that rely on the ligaments tend to be weak
Ex. Ankle

6. Muscle Tone
Most joints rely on this, this is the most stabilizing factor for the joint
Ex. Shoulder and knee
Muscle tone keeps the tendons that attach to the muscles tight/stretched (taut)

7. Types of Movement
There are 18 different motions that joints can make

8. Flexion & Extension Flexion – decreases the angle between two bones
Extension – increases the angle between two bones
Hyperextenstion – increases the angle beyond the normal range of motion

9. Abduction & Adduction
Abduction – Limbs only, move away from the midline
Adduction – Limbs only, Toward midline

10. Rotation – bone turns on its axis to or form midline
Ex. Head

11. Circumduction– limb moves in a circular path around an axis
Proximal limb remains stationary
Distal moves in a circle
Combination of abduction, adduction, extension & Flexion
Basically – one bone stays the other moves

12. Supination & Pronation
Supination – turning the palm up
Actually is the rotation of the ulna and radius
Pronation – turning the palm down

13. Plantar & Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion – extend foot, toes point down
Dorsiflexion – Flex foot, bring toes up

14. Inversion & Eversion Inversion – turn foot inward (medially)
Eversion – turn foot out (laterally)

15. Protraction & Retraction
Protraction – moving body forward on transverse plane
Ex. Shoulder and mandible
Retraction – moving body back on transverse plane

16. Elevation & Depression
Elevation – move body up on frontal plane
Ex. Shoulders
Depression – move body down on frontal plane

17. Opposition – Move thumb to finger