1. 1.2.5 – Active lifestyles and your skeletal system
Learning objectives
To understand and analyse sporting examples of joint movements and their location.
To describe the long term benefits of exercise on bone structures
To understand potential bone related injuries that can occur during performance.

2. How the skeletal system works

3. Straightening a body part increasing the angle at a joint.
MOVEMENT
EXPLANATION a)
Straightening a body part increasing the angle at a joint. b)
Bending a part of the body decreasing the angle at a joint. c)
Sideways movement of a limb towards the midline of the body. d)
Sideways movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. e)
Turning the head.
ROTATION
EXTENSION
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTION
FLEXION

4. Flexion and Extension EXTENSION - Increasing the angle at a joint
- Decreasing the angle at a joint

5. Abduction and Adduction
- Sideways moving limb away from midline of the body
ADDUCTION
- Sideways moving limb towards midline of the body

6. Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
DORSI FLEXION: - Action of pulling up toes towards the body.
PLANTAR FLEXION: - action of moving up onto toes or pointing toes.

7. Rotation
Joint moves in a circular motion. E.g. Bowling action

8. TASK: What movements occur during this action

9. CYCLIST
FLEXION – at the knee joint as the knee bends
EXTENSION - at the knee joint as the leg straightens
FLEXION – at the hip joint as the leg raises
EXTENSION – at the hip joint leg as the leg straightens

10. Look at hip and knee joints. What movements take place?

11. ROBERTO CARLOS
FLEXION – at the knee joint of the right leg as the leg bends
FLEXION – at the HIP JOINT of left leg
ADDUCTION – at the hip joint as the left leg is moving towards the central line of the body

13. DIVING
ABDUCTION – of the shoulder joint as the arms are moving away from the centre line of the body
FLEXION – of the hip joint as the legs are raised

15. BREASTSTROKE SWIMMING
ABDUCTION – at the hip joint as the legs move sideways out from the body
ADDUCTION – at the hip joint as the legs move inwards towards the centre line of the body
Flexion at the knee + elbow.

17. BUTTERFLY SWIMMING
ROTATION – at the shoulder joint as the arms are rotating like a boat propeller
SLIGHT FLEXION at knees.

18. TASK:
Label joint movements on this images
i.e. flexion at the knee

19. What movements can these joints perform?
HINGE
BALL & SOCKET
PIVOT
FLEXION
EXTENSION
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTION
ROTATION

20. P HINGE BALL & SOCKET PIVOT FLEXION EXTENSION ABDUCTION ADDUCTION
ROTATION

21. Diet and exercise for healthy bones
The following are good for growth and renewal of bones.
- Minerals
- Calcium is the most important for bone strength. It is found in milk and other dairy products.
As well as a good diet, regular weight-bearing exercise can help to maintain bone strength.
Weight-bearing exercise includes walking, jogging and ball or racket games. Swimming? How is this different?

22. Long term effects of training on the skeletal system
Regular exercise causes the following changes to bones.
1. Increase bone density (less risk of osteoporosis)
2. Increasing flexibility of the joints
3. Strengthens tendons and ligaments

23. Fractures A fracture is a break or crack in the bone.
Bones can break when a direct impact is received (hockey stick striking the shin) or indirect force is produced by a twist or a wrench (a trip or stumble).
Young bones that are still growing are supple and may split, bend or crack like a young tree branch - hence the name "greenstick fracture".

24. Fracture Types Closed/simple fracture
The surrounding skin is unbroken. However, injury to internal tissue may cause swelling. When there is a clean break or crack in the bone, it is also known as a simple fracture.

25. Open/compound fracture
Close to the fracture, the skin is broken and the bone may protrude through.

26. Treating Fractures
To deal with a major fracture you should keep the casualty still and ring 999. All fractures should be seen by a doctor.
Never move the casualty (unless in danger).
Never try to replace a
dislocated bone.

27. RICE Procedure R Rest the injured part. I
Apply Ice to reduce the swelling for 10 minutes (max). Frozen peas work well! C
Compress the injury, possibly using a tubigrip bandage. E
Elevate the part to decrease the blood supply.

28. Joint Injuries Dislocation Causes
Joints are areas where two or more bones come together.
If a sudden impact injures a joint, the bones that meet at that joint may become dislocated (not connected).
That means the bones are no longer in their normal position. Usually the joint capsule and ligaments tear when a joint becomes dislocated, and often the nerves are injured.
Causes
Dislocations are usually caused by a sudden impact to the joint. This usually occurs following a blow, fall, or other trauma.

29. Symptoms A dislocated joint may be:
Visibly out-of-place, discoloured, or misshapen
Limited in movement
Swollen or bruised
Intensely painful, especially if you try to use the joint or bear weight on it