1. Joints

2. AIM ALL- identify what a joint is
MOST- explain the three main types of joint
SOME-

3. STARTER
Quick fire test on:
Names of bones
Functions of the skeleton

5. Joints
Where 2 or more bones meet

6. Different types of joint
There are 3 different types of joint:
1. Immovable (or fixed) joints
2. Slightly movable joints
Reference to skeletal structures could be enhanced by using a skeleton or skeletal models if available. Use this presentation to remind students of the names of a range of bones. Students must be confident in naming the bones of the skeleton and their position/ location in the body. Without this understanding they will struggle to identify the bones that form joints.
3. Movable (or synovial) joints

7. 1. Fixed or immovable joints
There are fewer than 10 immovable joints in the body.
They are sometimes called fibrous joints because the bones are held together by tough fibres.
Immovable joints can be found in the skull and pelvis, where several bones have fused together to form a rigid structure.
Fixed or immoveable joints such as those of the flat bones of the skull allow very slight movement – ask students why they should allow a little movement. Movement is necessary for expansion of the soft tissues of the brain and to absorb some of the force of impacts – if joints were completely fixed they might crack with an impact such as a blow on the head.

8. 2. Slightly movable joints
Slightly movable joints are sometimes called cartilaginous joints.
The bones are separated by a cushion of cartilage. The joints between the vertebrae in the spine are cartilaginous joints.
The bones can move a little bit, but ligaments stop them moving too far. This is why we can bend, straighten and rotate through the back, but not too far.
bone
cartilage
bone
Discuss with students the structure of the spinal column and why slightly moveable joints are the most suitable type of joint for the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine areas. Ask them why the sacrum and coccyx areas of the spine are fixed joints? Answer: for attachment of lower back muscles (Sacrum) and balance (coccyx).
ligaments

9. 3. Freely movable or synovial joints
90% of the joints in the body are synovial joints. They are freely movable.
Synovial joints contain synovial fluid which is retained inside a pocket called the synovial membrane. This lubricates or ‘oils’ the joint.
All the moving parts are held together by ligaments.
These are highly mobile joints, like the shoulder and knee.
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Synovial joints offer a wide range of sporting movement.
Knee

10. Types of Joint Fixed- There is no movement at the joint - e.g. cranium
Slightly Moveable- there is some movement at the joint e.g. vertebral column
Freely moveable/synovial- lots of movement at the joint e.g. knee

11. Watch Video clip
Can you identify what stops bones rubbing against each other?
What joins bone to bone?

12. Different types of joint

13. Types of freely moveable joints
Read through the types of synovial joint on the next few slides
Try to remember where they can be found on the body

14. Types of synovial joints
In ball and socket joints, the rounded end of one bone fits inside a cup-shaped ending on another bone.
Hip
Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions and also rotation. The most mobile joints in the body are ball and socket joints.
Examples: Shoulders and hips.
Describe ball and socket joints at the hip and shoulder. Discuss the movements possible at these joints. How do they help during sport?

15. Types of synovial joints
Pivot joints have a ring of bone that fits over a bone protrusion, around which it can rotate.
These joints only allow rotation.
Atlas
Examples: The joint between the atlas and axis in the neck which allows you to shake your head.
Axis

16. Types of synovial joints
In saddle joints, the ends of the two bones fit together in a special way, allowing movement forwards and backwards and left to right, but not rotation.
Examples: The thumb is the only one.
Hinge joints – as their name suggests – only allow forwards and backwards movement.
Examples: The knee and elbow.
Elbow

17. Types of synovial joints
Condyloid joints have an oval-shaped bone end which fits into a correspondingly shaped bone end.
They allow forwards, backwards, left and right movement, but not rotation.
Examples: between the metacarpals and phalanges in the hand.
Gliding joints have two flat faces of bone that slide over one another.
They allow a tiny bit of movement in all directions.
Examples: between the tarsals in the ankle.

18. Types of Synovial Joints
CAN YOU REMEMBER WHERE THEY ARE?
Hinge
Ball & Socket
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Gliding

19. Types of synovial joints

20. Synovial joints – sporting examples
During the butterfly stroke, the ball and socket joint of the shoulder allows the swimmer’s arm to rotate.
You might head a football using the pivot joint in your neck, which allows your head to rotate.
What type of joint allows a handball player’s fingers to spread apart so that they can control the ball with one hand?
Answer:
The condyloid joints between the metacarpals and phalanges.
Swimmer image © 2006 Jupiterimages Corporation

21. Synovial joints – sporting examples
The saddle joint allows the thumb to curl around a canoe paddle to give a firm grip.
The hinge joint at the knee allows the leg to flex and extend, for example when a hurdler extends their trail leg at take-off and then flexes it as they clear the hurdle.
Suggested answer:
Footballer changing direction – ankle twists sideways slightly.
Hurdler image © 2006 Jupiterimages Corporation
Can you think of a sporting movement that involves the gliding joints between the tarsals?

22. Joint movement – how do we move?

23. Type of Movement
Description
Example
Flexion
Decrease in angle at a joint
Extension
E.g. bicep curl downwards
Abduction
Movement away from centre of body
Adduction
E.g. star jump -inwards phase
Rotation
Joint moves in circular motion
E.g. bowling in cricket

24. Type of movement at each joint
Type of joint
Location
Movement possibilities
Hinge
(2)
Pivot
(1)
Ball &
Socket
Condyloid
(4)

25. Plenary Name 3 major bones located in leg (3 marks)
Explain the function of ligaments in relation to movement (2 marks)
3. (a) Explain what is meant by extension? (1 mark)
(b) Give 2 examples of physical movement where extension occurs? (2 marks)

26. Plenary
4. Give one example of each of the following types of joints on the skeleton (3 marks)
Hinge
Ball and Socket
Pivot
5. Describe rotation and give and example in your answer (2)
6. Describe abduction and give an example in your answer (2)