13.1 Changing the Living World Selective breeding-use naturally occurring genetic events to select desired traits for next generation Hybridization- crossing dissimilar organisms to bring together the best of both Burbank- American botanist to develop 800 varieties of plants Inbreeding- continued breeding of individuals with similar desired characteristics; has risks Remember last ch- mutations are the source of genetic variation!!
13.2 Manipulating DNA Genetic Engineering-making changes to DNA of organisms Restriction enzymes- cuts DNA at a specific spot so we can analyze it Gel Electrophoresis- separate DNA; put DNA in gel and electric voltage is added, - charged move towards + end of gel Recombinant DNA- DNA made by combining DNA from different sources PCR (Polymerase Chain Rxn)- technique where can make many copies of a particular gene
13.3 Cell Transformation Transformation-cell takes in DNA from an outside cell, DNA becomes part of cell’s DNA Plasmid-small circular DNA molecule that foreign DNA binds to has 1 DNA sequence to promote plasmid replication (replicates new DNA) Has Genetic Marker-gene that distinguishes between bacteria with plasmid and those without Plant Cells-use bacterium if transformation successful DNA integrated into chromosomes of cell Animal Cells- use eggs for transformation or eliminate genes by manipulating DNA to make gene replacement possible
13.4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Transgenic organisms-contain genes from other species; biotechnology growth Microorganisms: reproduce rapidly/ grow quickly Animals: study genes/ improve food supply Plants: main food supply/ eliminated pesticides Cloning-member of popln genetically identical cells produced from single cell Dolly: nucleus of egg fused with cell from adult placed in foster mom sheep, develops normally Controversial in animals/ people