1. Biotechnology

2. Early Biotechnology = using organisms or their cellular processes to improve the lives and health of people and the planet Has evolved from using yeast in food products to selective breeding to DNA manipulation

3. which crosses consists of Selective Breeding for example Inbreeding Hybridizat ion Similar organisms Dissimilar organisms for example Organism breed A Organism breed B Retains desired characteristics Combines desired characteristics which which crosses which Early Biotechnology

4. The Tools of Molecular Biology Scientists use different techniques to: extract DNA from cells cut DNA into smaller pieces identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule make unlimited copies of DNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

5. The Tools of Molecular Biology DNA Extraction DNA can be extracted from most cells by a simple chemical procedure. The cells are opened and the DNA is separated from the other cell parts. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6. The Tools of Molecular Biology Cutting DNA Most DNA molecules are too large to be analyzed, so biologists cut them into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

7. The Tools of Molecular Biology Separating DNA In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel. When the power is turned on, the negatively-charged DNA molecules move toward the positive end of the gel. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

8. The Tools of Molecular Biology Based on size, the DNA fragments make a pattern of bands on the gel. These bands can then be compared with other samples of DNA. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gel Electrophoresis

9. Using the DNA Sequence Making Copies Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that allows biologists to make copies of genes. A biologist adds short pieces of DNA that are complementary to portions of the sequence. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

10. DNA heated to separate strands PCR cycles DNA copies 12345 etc. 124816 etc. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DNA polymerase adds complementary strand DNA fragment to be copied

11. Cell Transformation Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Recombinant DNA Host Cell DNA Target gene Modified Host Cell DNA

12. Transforming Bacteria Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Recombinant DNA Gene for human growth hormone Human Cell Bacteria cell Bacterial chromosome Plasmid Sticky ends DNA recombination Bacteria cell containing gene for human growth hormone DNA insertion

13. Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Microorganisms Transgenic bacteria produce important substances useful for health and industry. Transgenic bacteria have been used to produce: insulin growth hormone clotting factor Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

14. Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Animals Transgenic animals have been used to study genes and to improve the food supply. Mice have been produced with human genes that make their immune systems act similarly to those of humans. This allows scientists to study the effects of diseases on the human immune system. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

15. Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Plants Transgenic plants are now an important part of our food supply. Many of these plants contain a gene that produces a natural insecticide, so plants don’t have to be sprayed with pesticides. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

16. A body cell is taken from a donor animal. An egg cell is taken from a donor animal. The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo. The nucleus is removed from the egg. The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock. The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother. The embryo develops into a cloned animal. Cloning

17. A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. These two cells are fused using a electric shock. The fused cell begins dividing normally. The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother. The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep. The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.